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Hypoglycemia/Low Blood Sugar
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Hypoglycemia is not a disease in itself, but a condition characterized by an abnormally low level of blood glucose. That means a glucose level of 70 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or less. Hypoglycemia is uncommon in patients not treated for diabetes and is most often related to medications that lower blood glucose levels in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Other conditions such as alcoholism, severe sepsis, adrenal insufficiency, and panhypopituitarism,1 as well as diet and medications (e.g., quinine, propranolol, high doses of aspirin) can also cause hypoglycemia. As blood glucose levels fall, a variety of symptoms and signs may ensue, including hunger, sweating, pallor, shakiness, clumsiness, weakness, trouble talking, confusion, loss of consciousness, and seizures, coma, or death. In severe hypoglycemia, the patient is unable to care for himself and requires emergency medical care.
Assessing and responding to sudden deterioration in the adult
Published in Nicola Neale, Joanne Sale, Developing Practical Nursing Skills, 2022
Blood glucose monitoring is part of the daily routine of many people with diabetes, who know their normal blood glucose levels and are aware of how to control their blood glucose. In Enid’s instance, her carers know her usual blood glucose level and will be monitoring this, highlighting any abnormality to the health professionals. When a person becomes unwell due to infection, disease, trauma or a mental health problem, they may be unable to control their diabetes. Blood glucose levels are measured by carrying out a finger prick and gaining a blood sample, which is then analysed using a glucose meter. There are different types of glucose meters available. Alternatively, a blood sample can be taken to the biochemistry laboratory for analysing glucose levels. This test usually takes a little time to perform and is therefore not useful in an emergency situation. Treatment will need to be administered according to the blood glucose level. Box 14.59 lists key points in blood glucose measurement.
Promotion of telehealth in community care
Published in Ben Y.F. Fong, Martin C.S. Wong, The Routledge Handbook of Public Health and the Community, 2021
The global prevalence of diabetes mellitus for those aged 20 to 79 was rising from 4.6% to 9.3% in 2000 to 2019 (International Diabetes Federation, 2019). Patients with diabetes need continuous monitoring of their plasma glucose level. Data of blood glucose level can be transmitted from patients’ glucometer to the medical team in hospitals and medical centres and providers can provide education regarding management of blood glucose by telehealth (Carallo et al., 2015; Sani et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2017). In comparison with conventional care, patients with type 2 diabetes in telemedicine group have significant improvement in blood glucose level with a reduction in the mean difference of HbA1c by 0.6 (Su et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2017). For patients with type 1 diabetes, the blood glucose level has similarly been improved in both telemedicine and face-to-face consultations but there were higher efficiency and less cost with telemedicine (Esmatjes et al., 2014).
The kidney antifibrotic effects of 5,7,3′,4′,5′-pentamethoxyflavone from Bauhinia championii in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: in vivo and in vitro experiments
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2023
Jialin Li, Xiaocui Huang, Kailun He, Suzhen Wu
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by persistent hyperglycemia and the incidence of DM is increasing worldwide (Chung et al. 2021). According to the projections of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) (2019), approximately 700 million adults will live with diabetes (Azemi et al. 2021). Long-term high blood glucose level is associated with multiple complications such as diabetic renal fibrosis, diabetic retinopathy, and diabetic cardiovascular disease (Guan et al. 2018). Diabetic renal fibrosis is one of the most serious of these complications (Jin et al. 2015). Overexpression and the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix protein (ECM) such as fibronectin (FN) and collagen IV (Col IV) in mesangial cells as well as the glomerular basement membrane thickening are the hallmarks of diabetic nephropathy (DN) (Kanwar et al. 2008, 2011; Li et al. 2022). Currently, there are no commercially available drugs to cure DN. Insulin and antihypertensive drugs are the main alternative medicines for DN, however, they bring many side effects to the human body such as hypoglycemia, liver damage, lactic acidosis, diarrhea, etc. (Xu et al. 2012; Liang et al. 2018).
Melatonin attenuates diabetes-induced oxidative stress in spleen and suppression of splenocyte proliferation in laboratory mice
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Sangita Sutradhar, Anindita Deb, Shiv Shankar Singh
The circulatory melatonin protects the organisms from various stressful conditions. The induction of diabetes caused suppression of circulatory melatonin levels and caused devastating effects in the experimental mice (Hajam and Rai, 2019). Melatonin supplementation minimises diabetes-induced stress by increasing the circulatory melatonin levels in a dose-dependent manner. Streptozotocin destroyed the pancreatic islets, thereby minimised insulin secretion from the pancreas. The low insulin level causes retardation of glucose uptake by the liver and other cells and leads the persistence of enhanced blood glucose level, pathologically diabetes. Exogenous melatonin improved the streptozotocin caused stress on pancreatic islets but could not restored the circulatory insulin level. Study suggested that melatonin was not effectively restored the insulin level but improved the hyperglycaemia induced oxidative stress (Lo et al. 2017).
High-fat diet effects on the prostatic adenocarcinoma model and jaboticaba peel extract intake: protective response in metabolic disorders and liver histopathology
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2020
Ellen Nogueira-Lima, Celina de Almeida Lamas, Andressa Mara Baseggio, Jéssica Stephany Fernandes do Vale, Mário Roberto Maróstica Junior, Valéria Helena Alves Cagnon
The ITT and GTT were measured with 4- and 12-h-fasted mice, respectively (modified from Ref. (31). Blood glucose levels were obtained by caudal incision and the glucose measurements were performed using a glucometer (BreezeTM – Bayer®). Before insulin or glucose administration, the blood glucose level was measured. Then, mice received intraperitoneal insulin (0.05 U/kg) or glucose (1.5 g/kg) by gavage and the blood glucose levels were verified at 10, 15, 30 and 60 min periods (ITT test) or 10, 30, 60 and 90 min periods (GTT test) (modified from Ref. (31). The ITT and GTT results were expressed considering the area under the curve (AUC) in the glucose concentration vs. the time graph. The plasma fasting glucose levels were performed in 12-h-fasted mice using a kit from Wiener Lab (Glycemic enzimatic AA, Rosario, Argentina) following the manufacturer’s instructions and the results were expressed as mg/dL.