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Endocrine Functions of Brain Dopamine
Published in Nira Ben-Jonathan, Dopamine, 2020
Ghrelin is a 28-amino acid peptide, initially purified from the rat stomach as an endogenous ligand of the GH secretagogue receptor. Subsequent research has established ghrelin as a major appetite-stimulating hormone. The metabolic effects of ghrelin are opposite to those of leptin, as it stimulates food intake and decreases energy expenditure [54]. Ghrelin is produced by endocrine cells in gastric oxyntic glands. Its serum levels are high when nutrient availability is low, as occurs during fasting, and are low when energy supply is sufficient, as occurs following food consumption. Thus, circulating ghrelin levels are inversely correlated with the body mass index, i.e., they are up-regulated in undernourished states, such as anorexia nervosa, and are down-regulated in obesity. Given that its levels rise just before food consumption in both rodents and humans, Ghrelin appears to serve as a cue for meal initiation.
Energy balance and its regulation
Published in Geoffrey P. Webb, Nutrition, 2019
A more recently discovered hormone, ghrelin, is the only known peripherally produced hormone that has an appetite-stimulating effect. It is a small peptide (28 amino acids) produced mainly in the stomach. Plasma ghrelin levels are inversely correlated with body weight and they rise during fasting and weight loss and they fall rapidly after a meal. It has been suggested that ghrelin may play a role in meal initiation. Peripherally administered ghrelin binds to appetite-stimulating cells in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and this leads to increased production and release of appetite-stimulating peptides within the hypothalamus. Chronic administration of ghrelin leads to overeating and weight gain in rats whilst anti-ghrelin antibodies lead to a reduction in the amount of food consumed after fasting. Mice that do not produce ghrelin or do not produce ghrelin receptors have normal appetite and body weight when fed a standard diet. This may indicate that the role of ghrelin is confined to short-term effects on food intake.
Nutrition and Appetite Regulation in Children and Adolescents with End-Stage Renal Failure
Published in Victor R. Preedy, Handbook of Nutrition and Diet in Palliative Care, 2019
Kai-Dietrich Nüsken, Jörg Dötsch
Ghrelin is a 3.24 kDa peptide hormone that is mainly secreted by the stomach (Wren et al. 2001). The orexigenic effect of ghrelin is mediated by its acetylated form (acyl-ghrelin), whereas desacyl-ghrelin and obestatin (a further product of the ghrelin gene) mediate anorexigenic effects (Naufel et al. 2010). It binds to its receptor mainly in the ARC and LHA. Acyl-ghrelin increases food intake by stimulating NPY and AGRP neurons and prevents reduction of food intake mediated by leptin (Nakazato et al. 2001). Total ghrelin, desacyl-ghrelin and obestatin concentrations are elevated in children with ESRD (Nüsken et al. 2004; Dötsch et al. 2005; Arbeiter et al. 2009; Monzani et al. 2017). As desacyl-ghrelin and obestatin inversely correlate with body mass index-standard deviation score (BMI-SDS) and/or weight SDS, they have been proposed as markers of nutritional status in children with ESRD (Monzani et al. 2017). Elevated total ghrelin concentrations are not contradictory to inappetence in ESRD, because only concentrations of desacyl-ghrelin, but not acyl-ghrelin, are increased (Büscher et al. 2010; Naufel et al. 2010).
Physical activity and sleep quality correlations with anthropometric measurements in young adults
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2023
Ashley Y. Kim, John H. Gieng, Shiho Osako Luna, Kasuen Mauldin
Researchers have also evaluated how changes in sleep duration and sleep quality affected anthropometrics. They saw increases in body weight, percent body fat, and risk for diabetes and heart disease when individuals did not sleep the recommended 7 − 9 hours per night.9–12 Decreased sleep duration also brought about periods of extended wakefulness, which provided more opportunities to eat and also elevated ghrelin concentrations to signal hunger.13–15 Furthermore, decreased sleep duration was associated with an increased risk for diabetes and heart disease.9 According to a study performed by the National Sleep Foundation, poor sleep quality is defined as sleep latency greater than 30 minutes, less than 85% of the total time spent in bed asleep, and waking up more than once per night.16 Poor sleep quality was directly correlated with waist circumference, BMI (BMI), and percent body fat, all of which are components of metabolic syndrome.17,18
Effect of feeding regimen on circadian activity rhythms of food anticipatory by ghrelin hormone in a pig model
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
He Zhang, Xiaoxi Yan, Ailian Lin, Pengke Xia, Menglan Jia, Yong Su
In summary, the present study supports the hypothesis that metabolic cues such as ghrelin could influence the circadian phase under the conditions of irregular eating patterns with an equal amount of daily feed intake, which may resemble natural conditions for most animals. The statistically significant difference of behaviors after treatment with ghrelin receptor antagonist [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6, and the response of the clock gene to ghrelin observed in vivo and in vitro confirms the physiological role of this orexigenic hormone as an endogenous input of the circadian system. With respect to public health, the results point to a role for ghrelin in promoting anticipatory arousal, and in regulating eating behavior. Our experiments emphasize ghrelin as a temporal messenger in the food-entrainment of the hypothalamic circadian functions, suggesting that ghrelin plays an important role in coordinating eating and circadian clock and may help to unveil the roles of ghrelin in the circadian physiology of humans.
Sleep Quality and Dietary Patterns in an Occupational Cohort of Police Officers
Published in Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 2022
Raquel Velazquez-Kronen, Amy E. Millen, Heather M. Ochs-Balcom, Anna Mnatsakanova, Ja Kook Gu, Michael Andrew, John Violanti
Though our analysis utilized a cross-sectional study design, we propose that additional studies explore the biologically plausibility that sleep quality and duration influence dietary intake. Individuals with poor sleep quality and short sleep duration may be more likely to make poor dietary choices, as sleep influences appetite-related functions in the brain (Greer et al., 2013; Hanlon & Van Cauter, 2011). Poor sleep quality and short sleep duration are associated with decreased levels of the hormone leptin, which regulates appetite suppression, and elevated levels of the hormone ghrelin, which stimulates hunger (Klok et al., 2007). In a small 3-condition crossover trial of nine men aged 20–40 years, Schmid et al. reported that one night of total sleep deprivation led to higher levels of ghrelin compared to one night of sleeping seven hours (Schmid et al., 2008).