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“Going from Invisible to Visible”
Published in Phillip Joy, Megan Aston, Queering Nutrition and Dietetics, 2023
Whitney Linsenmeyer, Melik D.H. Coffey
This interrelationship is compounded by the known effects on body size and shape that are associated with masculinizing or feminizing hormone therapy (HT). While both are associated with weight gain, masculinizing HT typically results in increases in lean body mass and decreases in fat mass, while feminizing HT has the reverse effect (Coleman et al., 2012; Klaver et al., 2016). HT also affects body shape in that masculinizing HT tends to promote fat deposition in the central abdominal region while feminizing HT tends to do so in the hips and buttocks (Klaver et al., 2018). Therefore, body size and shape are not only interwoven with gender expression but are expected to undergo significant changes starting as early as three months after initiating HT (Coleman et al., 2012).
Endocrine Therapies
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
Nilutamide (NilandronTM, AnandronTM) was discovered and patented by Roussel-UCLAF in 1977 (Figure 8.35) and was the second NSAA to be approved, being introduced into clinical use in France in 1987. It was not available in the US until 1996. Nilutamide has been used in prostate cancer in combination with a GnRH analog but is not approved as a monotherapy. It is also used to prevent tumor flare at the start of GnRH analog therapy. Nilutamide has been mainly superseded in the clinic by NSAAs with improved efficacy, tolerability, and safety profiles such as bicalutamide and enzalutamide, and is now rarely used. It is still obtainable in the US (marketed by Aventis under the trade name NilandronTM) and some other countries (e.g., AnandronTM in Canada) where it is mainly used for prostate cancer patients who are intolerant to flutamide. In the UK, it is not recommended for use in the NHS by NICE. It has also been studied as a component of feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women, and to treat seborrhea and acne in women.
The person
Published in Suzanne Everett, Handbook of Contraception and Sexual Health, 2020
Trans women will be given feminising hormone therapy that can produce side effects that include increased liver function abnormalities, increase in venous thromboembolism and increase in hyperprolactinaemia (RCN, 2016c). Feminising hormone therapy can increase the risk of osteoporosis and breast cancer in some trans women (RCN, 2016c). Trans women should be shown how to be breast aware and advised about the risks of osteoporosis and how to reduce this.
Transgender health and the impact of aging and menopause
Published in Climacteric, 2023
A. S. Cheung, B. J. Nolan, S. Zwickl
Trans people presumed male at birth who commence feminizing hormone therapy will generally achieve serum estradiol and testosterone concentrations in the cisgender female range [11,31]. This most often involves estradiol with anti-androgen agents such as cyproterone acetate, spironolactone or gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues for people who do not undergo orchiectomy. Depending on the mechanism of action, peripheral androgen receptor antagonists such as spironolactone or bicalutamide may not necessarily lower the testosterone concentrations [34,35]. Feminizing hormone therapy induces breast growth, increases in fat mass and redistribution to a gynoid pattern, reduction in muscle mass, reduction in body and facial hair growth and reduction in sexual function. Some physical characteristics induced by male puberty do not change, such as lowered voice pitch and bone structure [11]. Adverse effects include an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE), weight gain, compromised bone structure and cardiovascular disease (CVD) relative to cisgender women and men [33,36].
Role of clinical laboratories in reporting results of transgender individuals on hormonal therapy
Published in Journal of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa, 2022
Transgender (TG) individuals often use gender-affirming medical interventions to align their physical appearance with their gender identity. The transition process may be social, hormonal therapy or surgical.7,8 With social transition, this might include name changes, voice therapy or changes in gender expression that is noted in public or work areas.7,8 Hormonal intervention is the least invasive and most accessible treatment that can give trans individuals relief from experiencing disconnection between their identity and their body.9 Transitioning is via feminising hormone therapy for the trans female and the therapy includes oestrogen and/or androgen blockers whereas for the trans male masculinising hormonal therapy includes testosterone.1,8 Surgical intervention includes possible changes to primary or secondary sex characteristics such as mastectomy, hysterectomy, orchidectomy, oophorectomy and gender reassignment surgery.9
Sexual Inactivity Among Transfeminine Persons: A Canadian Respondent-Driven Sampling Survey
Published in The Journal of Sex Research, 2019
Ayden I. Scheim, Greta R. Bauer
Feminizing hormone therapy (Doorduin & Van Berlo, 2014; Van Goozen, Cohen-Kettenis, Gooren, Frijda, & Van De Poll, 1995) can contribute to lower perceived sexual desire or function. In a Belgian sample of transfeminine patients on hormone therapy, 70% believed that their current sexual desire was lower than before beginning hormone therapy, and a similar proportion reported never or rarely experiencing either spontaneous or responsive sexual desire (Wierckx et al., 2014). Sexual desire was higher among those who had completed vaginoplasty and lower among older persons and those primarily attracted to women.