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Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum)
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Prasad Thakurdesai, Fenugreek, 2022
It is important to emphasize that most of the testosterone is metabolized to androsterone, which ultimately conjugates with glucuronic acid and is secreted as a 17-keto-steroid metabolite [14]. Testosterone in most target cells is enzymatically transformed by the microsomal enzyme 5-alpha-reductase into dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and, in turn, binds to the intracytoplasmic receptor protein to form a DHT-protein complex and then is transported into the nucleus [15–17]. This protein complex undergoes a conformational transformation, which is involved in chromatin binding. This transformation synthesizes mRNA and cytoplasmic proteins, which induces cellular growth and sequential effects mediated by androgens [14–16]. As it is well documented, testosterone and anabolic androgenic steroids enhance athletic performance not only through its long-term anabolic effects but also through enhanced effects on behavior [16, 17]. A positive testosterone booster can enhance athletic performance.
Summation of Basic Endocrine Data
Published in George H. Gass, Harold M. Kaplan, Handbook of Endocrinology, 2020
All male sex hormones are called androgens. The testes are the principle source for their syntheses. The important androgen produced in the testis is testosterone. A second, less potent hormone is androsterone. In certain states, the adrenal cortex may secrete significant amounts of androgens.
Synthesis, Enzyme Localization, and Regulation of Neurosteroids
Published in Sheryl S. Smith, Neurosteroid Effects in the Central Nervous System, 2003
Evidence that acute exposure to AASs may have anxiolytic effects is provided by the study of Bing et al.81 in which male rats that received a single injection of testosterone before testing on Vogel’s conflict test accepted significantly more shocks than controls, consistent with an antianxiety action of testosterone. It is noteworthy that Bing et al.81 observe AAS-induced changes in anxiety within 24 h of a single injection of testosterone. First, it is unlikely that anything beyond physiological levels of testosterone would be present at 24 h after a single injection, given the rapid clearance of unesterified testosterone.4 However, if the anxiolytic effects were due to this testosterone treatment, then the narrow time frame, although not categorically excluding androgen receptor-dependent changes in gene expression, would be more consistent with a nongenomic mechanism of AAS action. Further evidence that androgens do indeed elicit rapid anxiolytic effects has been provided by a recent study that found that a single exposure to 500 yg of either testosterone, androsterone, or 3a-androstanediol reduced anxiety within 30 min.82 The anxiolytic effects of testosterone were blocked by co-injection of the GABAA receptor antagonists, bicuculline or picrotoxin, suggesting that the
Disruptions in the reproductive system of female rats after prenatal lipopolysaccharide-induced immunological stress: role of sex steroids
Published in Stress, 2019
V. M. Ignatiuk, M. S. Izvolskaya, V. S. Sharova, S. N. Voronova, L. A. Zakharova
The rats were killed at PND80 by conscious decapitation. Trunk blood samples were obtained and serum separated to detect testosterone and estradiol concentrations using a direct ELISA kit (Diagnostics Biochem Canada Inc., Canada), according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Check, Ubelacker, & Lauer, 1995). Intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variations were <17% for testosterone and 10% for estradiol; the minimum detectable concentrations were 0.17 and 10 pg/ml, respectively. The following compounds were tested for cross-reactivity with the estradiol ELISA kit, where estradiol cross-reacted at 100%, estriol—1.6%, estrone—1.3%, progesterone—0.1%, cortisol—0.1%. For the ELISA kit the cross–reactivity for testosterone was 100%, 5α-DHT—5.2%, androstenedione—1.4%, androstanediol—0.8%, progesterone—0.5%, androsterone—0.1%.
Effects of night shift on the cognitive load of physicians and urinary steroid hormone profiles – a randomized crossover trial
Published in Chronobiology International, 2018
Wolf Osterode, Sandra Schranz, Galateja Jordakieva
Concerning our second aim of the study namely to investigate changes of steroid hormones after 24 h on duty (Table 3), mostly no significant dynamics were found. Only pregnanetriol and the ratio of androsterone/etiochoanolone were found to be reduced after 24 h on duty. Pregnanetriol is a urinary metabolite of 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and a precursor in the biosynthesis of cortisol. While Vierhapper and Nowotny found an enormous enhanced excretion of glucocorticoids and main androgen metabolites after a night shift by male residents, Singer and Zumoff reported a suppression of these steroids, which would support the fact that stress and sleep deprivation suppress gonadal steroids. We may assume that stress and sleep deprivation were not extensive enough in our collective to exhibit clear steroid dynamics, which on the other hand justifies the reduction of longer time on duty and reduced responsibility for more medical departments in former times. The excretion ratio of androsterone/etiocholanolone indeed showed significant alterations implicating disturbances of an androgen metabolism. The change in the ratio of androsterone to etiocholanolone in favor of the latter implies hypothalamus involvement in androgen metabolism dynamics (Johnsen 1968).
Steroids interfere with human carbonic anhydrase activity by using alternative binding mechanisms
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2018
Alessio Nocentini, Alessandro Bonardi, Paola Gratteri, Bruno Cerra, Antimo Gioiello, Claudiu T. Supuran
The ubiquitous hCA II and tumor-associated hCA IX were comparably inhibited by carboxylic acids 1–6, 8–10, sulfonic acid 7 and phenols 19, 20 in the micromolar range spanning between 38.9 and 89.9 µM. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (7) stands out as the most efficient hCA IX inhibitor, being instead its action the least efficient against hCA II. Repositioning of the alcoholic moieties mainly located at the outer edge of the molecular structures has been shown to slightly alter the weak inhibition profiles. The lengthening of the carboxyalkyl chain of ursodeoxycholic acid (5) by a glycine unit as in 6 does not affect the derivatives efficacy against both considered isoforms. Reduction of the enone system at ring A of testosterone (13) to 5α-steroids androstanolone (16) and androsterone (14) does not interfere with the hCA II and IX inhibitory efficacy.