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Chemosensory Disorders and Nutrition
Published in Alan R. Hirsch, Nutrition and Sensation, 2023
Carl M. Wahlstrom, Alan R. Hirsch, Bradley W. Whitman
We also found that the complaint of hyperosmia is accompanied by a diminished sex drive. Perhaps detection of a competing pheromone may result in limbic system inhibition (Lee 1976). Or, hyperosmia may lead to olfactory reference syndrome with a contrite reaction and anxiety regarding bodily odors, triggering social isolation as a paranoid avoidance reaction (Hirsch 1990a).
Solving pet problems
Published in Clive R. Hollin, An Introduction to Human–Animal Relationships, 2021
The use of pheromone collars is not restricted to dogs. DePorter, Bledsoe, Beck, and Ollivier (2019) used a plug-in pheromone diffuser in a programme aimed to reduce aggression in 45 multi-cat households. Before the diffuser treatment started, the owners received directions for effective management of aggressive incidents which emphasised positive reinforcement and strongly discouraged punishment. The pheromone treatment was used in 20 households and a placebo in 25 households and the frequency and intensity of aggressive interactions were monitored. The behaviour management directions appeared to have an immediate effect in reducing aggression even before the introduction of the pheromone diffuser. DePorter et al. conclude that “Pheromones may be useful as a component of a complete behavior modification program” (p. 304).
Swarm Intelligence and Evolutionary Algorithms for Diabetic Retinopathy Detection
Published in Sandeep Kumar, Anand Nayyar, Anand Paul, Swarm Intelligence and Evolutionary Algorithms in Healthcare and Drug Development, 2019
Sachin Bhandari, Radhakrishna Rambola, Rajani Kumari
Ants have inspired a number of methods and techniques among which the most studied and the most successful is the general-purpose optimization technique known as ACO. ACO takes inspiration from the foraging behaviour of some ant species [40]. These ants deposit pheromone on the ground in order to mark some favourable path that should be followed by other members of the colony. The pheromone is a chemical substance released into the environment by an animal, especially a mammal or an insect, affecting the behaviour or physiology of others of its species. Ants navigate from nest to food source, ants are blind. Shortest path is discovered via pheromone trails. Each ant moves randomly and pheromone is deposited on the path. More pheromone on path increases probability of path being followed [36]. The methods and salient feature used by the authors for research are shown in Table 4.4.
Plasticity of pheromone-mediated avoidance behavior in C. elegans
Published in Journal of Neurogenetics, 2020
YongJin Cheon, Hyeonjeong Hwang, Kyuhyung Kim
Pheromones are blends of released chemicals that play major roles in intraspecies chemical communication (Karlson & Luscher, 1959). C. elegans secretes a complex cocktail of small chemicals that are collectively called ascaroside pheromones; these affect many aspects of C. elegans biology [See review (Butcher, 2019; Edison, 2009; Ludewig & Schroeder, 2013; McGrath & Ruvinsky, 2019; J. Park, Choi, Dar, Butcher, & Kim, 2019; Schroeder, 2015)]. Since C. elegans ascaroside pheromones were discovered as a dauer-inducing metabolite in 1982 (Golden & Riddle, 1982), the chemical components of ascaroside pheromones have been identified as hundreds of structurally related compounds (Artyukhin et al., 2013; Butcher, Fujita, Schroeder, & Clardy, 2007; Butcher, Ragains, Kim, & Clardy, 2008; Butcher et al., 2009; Jeong et al., 2005; Pungaliya et al., 2009; Srinivasan et al., 2008; Srinivasan et al., 2012).
The complex barnacle perfume: identification of waterborne pheromone homologues in Balanus improvisus and their differential expression during settlement
Published in Biofouling, 2019
Anna Abramova, Ulrika Lind, Anders Blomberg, Magnus Alm Rosenblad
Since the original publication of the discovery of WSP in 2009 (Endo et al. 2009), there have been no follow-up studies to further elucidate the structure and function of the WSP. However, it was recently indicated that more than one WSP gene is present in Tetraclita japonica formosana (Lin et al. 2014) and B. amphitrite (So et al. 2017; Wang et al. 2018), but the available information is extremely scarce and only one of the sequences has been published (Lin et al. 2014) and none are deposited in public databases. Moreover, the study by Endo et al. (2009) mentioned preliminary unpublished data showing that several proteins with a molecular mass of around 32 kDa detected in barnacle-conditioned seawater have settlement-inducing activity. Altogether, this indicated that there appear to be more than one WSP homologue in barnacles. From the ecological point of view, this opens the possibility that a combination of WSP homologues might work as a pheromone blend. Pheromone mixtures are commonly used for chemical communication in various animals, including marine invertebrates (Kelly 1996; Cummins et al. 2004). In particular, the sea slug Aplysia releases a pheromone blend comprising more than three different types of waterborne pheromones to attract mates (Cummins et al. 2005).
The HEX-ACO-18: Developing an Age-Invariant HEXACO Short Scale Using Ant Colony Optimization
Published in Journal of Personality Assessment, 2022
Gabriel Olaru, Kristin Jankowsky
On a general level, ACO is a tool that selects and evaluates combinations of items (for a detailed description see Olaru, Schroeders, Hartung, et al., 2019). Across several iterations, it learns which items provide the best results in term of user-defined optimization criteria (e.g., model fit, reliability). This learning heuristic is mimicking the behavior of ants in search of food. Ants use pheromone trails to communicate shorter routes from the nest to the food source to other ants. In a similar fashion, ACO uses virtual “pheromone” values to identify an optimal item set across several iterations of selecting item combinations and evaluating these on the optimization criterion. For instance, ACO can be used to identify a short scale of six items and evaluate the resulting model fit of a two-factor model based on these items. At the beginning of the search, it will randomly select a number of short scales (the number of item sets to be tested can be set by the user). The model fits of the randomly selected item sets are then compared to one another. The virtual “pheromone” values of the items of the best previous solution are increased, further increasing the likelihood of these items to be drawn in subsequent iterations. Several six-item combinations are selected based on the new selection probabilities and the model fit of the resulting models is again compared to each other. The selection probability is then further increased for the items of the solution with best model fit. This process of selection, evaluation, and increasing of pheromone levels is repeated across several iterations until the desired criteria cannot be further optimized.