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Chemoreception in Aquatic Invertebrates
Published in Robert H. Cagan, Neural Mechanisms in Taste, 2020
Barry W. Ache, William E. S. Carr
Several aquatic invertebrates are known to release specific chemicals serving as sex pheromones that stimulate aspects of reproductive behavior in individuals of the opposite sex.31 Although none of the sex pheromones produced by aquatic invertebrates have been identified yet, several pheromones of algal species are well known.32 Some of these algal pheromones are specific unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons that are released into the water by female gametes and function to stimulate the discharge and/or attraction of male gametes (see Figure 1D). Finally, chemicals of a very different sort are known to stimulate settlement and metamorphosis by the larvae of certain aquatic invertebrates. Several of these stimulants of behavioral changes in larvae have been shown to be specific proteins or peptides present on the surface of a particular substrate, or another organism, that provides a suitable habitat for the next stage of the life cycle.33,34
Insight into Knapsack Metabolite Ecology Database: A Comprehensive Source of Species: Voc-Biological Activity Relationships
Published in Raquel Cumeras, Xavier Correig, Volatile organic compound analysis in biomedical diagnosis applications, 2018
Azian Azamimi Abdullah, M.D. Altaf-Ul-Amin, Shigehiko Kanaya
VOCs constitute only a small proportion of the total number of secondary metabolites produced by living organisms, however, because of their important roles in chemical ecology specifically in the biological interactions between organisms and ecosystems, revealing and analyzing the roles of these VOCs is essential for understanding the interdependence of organisms. The total amount of VOCs emitted globally to the atmosphere is estimated to exceed 1 Pg per year, and these VOCs include mainly plant-produced VOCs, isoprene, monoterpenes and other oxygenated carbon compounds, such as herbivore-induced volatiles and green leaf volatiles (Iijima, 2014). Many studies have been performed that showed the emission of VOCs from plants occur as significant cues, signals, or defense responses to wounding, herbivore infestation, pathogen infection, and pollination. The emitted VOCs are responsible for internal and external communication between plants and herbivores, pathogens, pollinators, and parasitoids. Plants emit VOCs from their roots, leaves, fruits and flowers and use these compounds internally as defensive and signaling systems to induce levels of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) to pests and diseases. Some VOCs, such as methyl jasmonate α-pinene, camphene, and 1,8-cineol may inhibit the growth of other plants. VOCs produced by plant organs such as fruits and flowers also can act as external signaling molecules or semiochemicals by attracting pollinators and seed dispersers (Delory et al., 2016). They also contribute to the attraction of pest insects and beneficial insect predators in tritrophic interactions. Apart from plants, VOCs also act as a major communication among insects and other arthropods. Female insects use specific VOCs as sex pheromones to attract mates. Insects also use VOCs to mark pathways between nest and food and for defense.
Host population related variations in circadian clock gene sequences and expression patterns in Chilo suppressalis
Published in Chronobiology International, 2019
Li Zhu, Shuo Feng, Qiao Gao, Wen Liu, Wei-Hua Ma, Xiao-Ping Wang
The sexual activity of insects includes the release of sex pheromones, female calling, male response, and mating. These activities usually have an obvious circadian rhythm in flies and moths (Baker and Cardé 1979; Groot 2014) and many studies have found evidence of differences in this rhythm between host races (Delisle and McNeil 1987; Pashley et al. 1992). The sexual activity of insects is regulated by an endogenous circadian clock system (Groot 2014; Sakai and Ishida 2001; Saunders et al. 2002; Tauber et al. 2003). Disrupting this system can lead to arrhythmic, or abnormal, release of pheromones, male courtship behavior and mating (Dauwalder et al. 2002; Krupp et al. 2013; Sakai and Ishida 2001). This suggests that circadian clock genes could be responsible for observed differences in the timing of sexual activity between different host races.
A systematic review of the bioprospecting potential of Lonomia spp. (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2023
Henrique G. Riva, Angela R. Amarillo-S.
The authors isolated sex pheromones from the glands located at the last segment of the abdomen of females through gas chromatographic-electroantennogram detection. Then, the authors evaluated the reaction of adult males from the same species with a Y-olfactometer test using the pheromone glands and the synthetic proteins identified (Zarbin et al.2007). A significant attraction of males was observed with no significant differences between synthetic and natural pheromones, as both were equally efficient in attracting males (Zarbin et al.2007).
The desaturase1 gene affects reproduction before, during and after copulation in Drosophila melanogaster
Published in Journal of Neurogenetics, 2019
Tetsuya Nojima, Isabelle Chauvel, Benjamin Houot, François Bousquet, Jean-Pierre Farine, Claude Everaerts, Daisuke Yamamoto, Jean-François Ferveur
To further identify the neurons potentially involved in male pheromone discrimination, we tested a series of Gal4 drivers expressed in various regions of the nervous system either involved in sex pheromone perception (Vosshall & Stocker, 2007), or in male courtship behavior (Heimbeck et al., 2001). We also tested the effect of pox neuron (poxn) and fruitless (fru), two genes involved in the fate of chemosensory neurons and in multiple aspects of sexual behavior, respectively. The fru-Gal4 and NP21-Gal4 drivers used here are specifically expressed in male-specific neurons involved in courtship (Kimura et al., 2008). Each Gal4 driver targeted the IR transgene (Figure 5). The effect of each transgene was also controlled separately. None of the experimental genotype (driver-Gal4/+; IR/+) tested here induced a significant loss of male sexual discrimination. Note that the male courtship intensity (CI maximal range: 0–100) directed to wild-type decapitated female and male targets varied in 15–52 and 2–15 range, respectively. This may be anecdotal but the comparison of the significance level within each pair of genotypes involving one olfactory receptor (Or47b-, Or65a-, Or67d (V)- and Or67d (D)-Gal4) targeting, or not, IR revealed a higher significance level for the discrimination in the control genotype compared to its respective experimental genotype. GH146-Gal4 and ORCO-Gal4 induced a reciprocal effect (increased discrimination in experimental than in control genotypes) whereas fru-Gal4 did not induce any change in the significance level of discrimination. Note also that while the two experimental genotypes poxn-Gal4/+; IR/+ and NP21-Gal4/+; IR/+ showed no discrimination, we cannot conclude on their effect, given that their control genotypes (a single copy of each Gal4 driver transgene: poxn-Gal4/+ and NP21-Gal4/+, respectively) totally abolished discrimination. Overall, the limited — or absence of — behavioral defect (in the genotypes targeting IR) suggests that desat1 expression in the groups of targeted neurons was not required for male pheromone discrimination, or in the case of the Or-Gal4 drivers, was not sufficient to completely abolish sex pheromone discrimination.