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Genetics of Human Obesities: Introductory Notes
Published in Claude Bouchard, The Genetics of Obesity, 2020
The hypothesis suggests that social, behavioral, and biological stimuli perceived as stressful may initiate chronic neuroendocrine dysregulations resulting over time in a more pronounced android profile of fat deposition with a higher amount of abdominal visceral fat in males and a greater risk of developing the android fat distribution phenotype in females. The main features of the hormonal responses being an increased sympathetic nervous system activity and an augmented glucocorticoid but with altered androgen levels (depressed in men but elevated in women), the growing upper body fat, and visceral fat depots act synergistically with the prevailing hormonal profile leading progressively to metabolic disturbances and eventually to the full blown “metabolic syndrome”.34–36
The Qualitative and Quantitative Measurement of Body Fat Content
Published in Roy J. Shephard, Obesity: A Kinesiologist’s Perspective, 2018
Jean Vague (1911–2003), a physician practising in Marseilles, France, first drew formal attention to the health importance of differences in the regional distribution of body fat. He distinguished between an android/abdominal and a gynoid/gluteal distribution of obese tissue [71, 72]. Vague further noted that the risk of the various metabolic complications of obesity was greater in individuals who had a centralized, android distribution of fat, rather than a centripetal, pear-shaped gynoid fat distribution. Vague’s original paper was published in 1947, and it became available in English-language form in 1956. However, it was not until the 1980s that his ideas were confirmed by Swedish and US investigators [34, 36]. The concept subsequently became accepted as an objective indicator of an individual’s prognosis, and it was shown that at all ages from childhood [12] to old age [30], the waist–hip ratio was a more accurate indicator of cardiovascular risk than the usual epidemiological measure of body mass index. An android fat distribution may occur in both men and women, although it is somewhat more prevalent in men (in one US survey [40], it was found in 49 per cent of men vs. 39 per cent of premenstrual women).
The menopause and postreproductive health
Published in Helen Bickerstaff, Louise C Kenny, Gynaecology, 2017
One of the more challenging messages to communicate to women after the menopause is that on average body weight increases by approximately 1 kg per year and this, along with a more android fat distribution, contributes to a greater sensation of being overweight. Often women who start HRT early in the menopause erroneously blame this weight gain on HRT. They should be informed that there is no evidence from extensive research to support the belief that hormone therapy causes weight gain.
Epidural stimulation with locomotor training improves body composition in individuals with cervical or upper thoracic motor complete spinal cord injury: A series of case studies
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2019
Daniela G.L. Terson de Paleville, Susan J. Harkema, Claudia A. Angeli
In addition to the changes in muscle fibers, an increased accumulation of fat below the level of the injury is prevalent.13–15 Since the majority of the lesions to the spinal cord occur in the cervical or upper thoracic segments,16 most individuals with SCI accumulate more visceral fat in the abdominal cavity compared to individuals without SCI.13,17 Distribution of fat is a reliable predictor for risk of cardiovascular disease, hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance, not only for people that are obese or overweight,18 but also for individuals with normal weight.19 In fact, the majority of the individuals with SCI exhibit at least one cardiovascular disease risk factor (i.e. hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes) regardless of their body mass index (BMI).3 Android fat distribution, describes the distribution of human adipose tissue mainly around the abdomen, trunk and upper body; whereas gynoid fat distribution describes the distribution of human adipose tissue mainly in hips and buttocks. Android-gynoid percent fat ratio is expressed as android fat divided by gynoid fat. Android-gynoid ratio of 1.0 or above is associated with an increased risk for metabolic syndrome in healthy adults. Individuals with SCI typically show increased android, gynoid and android/gynoid ratio fat distribution.19
Prospective Study on Body Composition, Energy Balance and Biological Factors Changes in Post-menopausal Women with Breast Cancer Receiving Adjuvant Chemotherapy Including Taxanes
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2018
Emilie Gadéa, Emilie Thivat, Pascale Dubray-Longeras, Marie Arbre, Isabelle Van-praagh, Marie-Ange Mouret-Reynier, Pauline Herviou, Joyce Dohou, Angeline Ginzac, Martine Duclos, Béatrice Morio, Xavier Durando
The patients’ baseline clinical and tumor characteristics are summarized in Table 1. The population studied was mainly composed of post-menopausal women with a hormonal receptor positive tumor and treated with an adjuvant Anthracycline + Taxane-based chemotherapy regimen (3 FEC +3 Taxotere). Based on their BMI, 22% of the population were overweight and 34% were obese, which is reflected by android fat distribution (WC >80 cm). Mild insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was observed only in obese women (Table 2). Lipidemia abnormalities were frequent: 63% (n = 31) of the population presented high total cholesterol, 31% (n = 15) high LDL cholesterol, 45% (n = 22) low HDL cholesterol, and 26% (n = 13) high triglyceridemia (Table 2). The two last parameters were correlated with BMI (respectively, r = −0.41, P = 0.003 and r = 0.43, P = 0.002). Low-grade inflammation has also been detected (CRP >2mg/l) in our population. Before chemotherapy treatment, the patients studied were sparsely active with a median of 6744 [4946; 9042] steps taken per day (Table 1).
Serum adiponectin is a potential biomarker for metabolic syndrome in peri-and postmenopausal women
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2020
Puntabut Wattanapol, Patsama Vichinsartvichai, Prirayapak Sakoonwatanyoo
Further analysis in ninety-two overweight and obese participants, 41.3% had gynoid and 58.7% had android fat distribution pattern. Interestingly, the prevalence of MetS in women with gynoid fat distribution pattern is significantly lower than android counterpart (26.3% versus 55.6%, p = .005, respectively) with the lower prevalence of reduced HDL-C and elevated fasting glucose (Table 5). However, serum adiponectin levels were similar among both type of fat distribution (7.5 ± 5.3 vs 6.3 ± z3.8 in gynoid vs android pattern, p = .240, respectively).