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The Qualitative and Quantitative Measurement of Body Fat Content
Published in Roy J. Shephard, Obesity: A Kinesiologist’s Perspective, 2018
Jean Vague (1911–2003), a physician practising in Marseilles, France, first drew formal attention to the health importance of differences in the regional distribution of body fat. He distinguished between an android/abdominal and a gynoid/gluteal distribution of obese tissue [71, 72]. Vague further noted that the risk of the various metabolic complications of obesity was greater in individuals who had a centralized, android distribution of fat, rather than a centripetal, pear-shaped gynoid fat distribution. Vague’s original paper was published in 1947, and it became available in English-language form in 1956. However, it was not until the 1980s that his ideas were confirmed by Swedish and US investigators [34, 36]. The concept subsequently became accepted as an objective indicator of an individual’s prognosis, and it was shown that at all ages from childhood [12] to old age [30], the waist–hip ratio was a more accurate indicator of cardiovascular risk than the usual epidemiological measure of body mass index. An android fat distribution may occur in both men and women, although it is somewhat more prevalent in men (in one US survey [40], it was found in 49 per cent of men vs. 39 per cent of premenstrual women).
Male obesity: policy and context
Published in Alan White, Maggie Pettifer, Hazardous Waist, 2018
Though reports have identified that the problem of obesity is an issue for men, for instance a distinction being drawn between the problem of ‘android obesity’ and the ‘less problematic gynoid fat distribution’ (WHO, 2000, p. 6) and the recognition that men have on average twice the amount of abdominal fat that is generally found in pre-menopausal women, the WHO Global Strategy limits its recognition of gender to noting it as a factor to be taken into consideration.
Aicardi Syndrome and Klinefelter Syndrome
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Tumor Syndromes, 2020
In general, patients with non-mosaic 47,XXY karyotype show more severe clinical symptoms and endocrine abnormalities than those with mosaic (e.g., 47,XXY/46,XY) karyotype. At puberty, the penis and secondary sexual characteristics progress in a normal fashion, but testes volume remains small (<4 mL in volume). Many Klinefelter syndrome features (e.g., hypogonadism) and comorbidities (e.g., diabetes, obesity, gynoid fat distribution, metabolic syndrome, reduced muscle strength, osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, depression, paraphilia, autism, and obsessive−compulsive trait) appear at adulthood and increase with advancing age. Indeed, about 80% of men aged 25 or above suffer from decreased libido and erectile dysfunction. Further, Klinefelter males have a higher incidence of breast cancer (in 3%–7% of Klinefelter men, 20–50 times more common than in non-Klinefelter men), extragonadal GCT (in 0.1% of Klinefelter males; manifesting as precocious puberty, cough, dyspnea, or chest pain), non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and calcifying nested stromal-epithelial tumor (CNSET, an uncommon primary hepatic tumor) (Figure 2.5) [17], but a lower incidence of prostate cancer compared to normal males. The notable increase in breast cancer among Klinefelter syndrome men is thought to result from an altered estradiol:testosterone ratio, longstanding gynecomastia, obesity, genetic predisposition, and possibly testosterone administration. In contrast, the pathogenesis of extragonadal GCT may be related to abnormal and/or incomplete migration of the primordial germ cells from the endoderm of the yolk sac to the gonads, leading to malignant transformation of the midline germ cells along the urogenital ridge [16,18,19].
Association between high levels of gynoid fat and the increase of bone mineral density in women
Published in Climacteric, 2020
S. Aedo, J. E. Blümel, R. M. Carrillo-Larco, M. S. Vallejo, G. Aedo, G. G. Gómez, I. Campodónico
In women, bone mineral density (BMD) is related to age, estrogenic action, and appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASMM)1–5. Also, compared to men, women have higher percentage body fat and deposit it in a different pattern, with relatively more adipose tissue in the hips and thighs. This ‘female’ fat distribution seems at least in part due to an estradiol-induced increase of anti-lipolytic α2-adrenergic receptors in gluteofemoral subcutaneous depots6. The gynoid fat distribution is thus linked to estrogenic action and therefore an increase of gynoid fat should be associated with a high BMD independent of age and ASMM. In fact, gynoid fat was positively associated with better trabecular bone in postmenopausal Korean women7. In another study, conducted in postmenopausal Caucasian women, gynoid fat correlated positively with BMD8. Shao et al., studying Chinese women, pointed out that the reduction of the android-to-gynoid fat ratio during menopause may have vital clinical significance in decreasing postmenopausal osteoporosis9. The Healthy Postmenopausal Thai Women study showed that higher gynoid adiposity was associated with higher BMD10.
Epidural stimulation with locomotor training improves body composition in individuals with cervical or upper thoracic motor complete spinal cord injury: A series of case studies
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2019
Daniela G.L. Terson de Paleville, Susan J. Harkema, Claudia A. Angeli
In addition to the changes in muscle fibers, an increased accumulation of fat below the level of the injury is prevalent.13–15 Since the majority of the lesions to the spinal cord occur in the cervical or upper thoracic segments,16 most individuals with SCI accumulate more visceral fat in the abdominal cavity compared to individuals without SCI.13,17 Distribution of fat is a reliable predictor for risk of cardiovascular disease, hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance, not only for people that are obese or overweight,18 but also for individuals with normal weight.19 In fact, the majority of the individuals with SCI exhibit at least one cardiovascular disease risk factor (i.e. hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes) regardless of their body mass index (BMI).3 Android fat distribution, describes the distribution of human adipose tissue mainly around the abdomen, trunk and upper body; whereas gynoid fat distribution describes the distribution of human adipose tissue mainly in hips and buttocks. Android-gynoid percent fat ratio is expressed as android fat divided by gynoid fat. Android-gynoid ratio of 1.0 or above is associated with an increased risk for metabolic syndrome in healthy adults. Individuals with SCI typically show increased android, gynoid and android/gynoid ratio fat distribution.19
Serum adiponectin is a potential biomarker for metabolic syndrome in peri-and postmenopausal women
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2020
Puntabut Wattanapol, Patsama Vichinsartvichai, Prirayapak Sakoonwatanyoo
The concept of ‘Metabolically Healthy Obesity’ (MHO) gains its momentum during the past decade. Generally, MHO is defined in an obese individual obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) without any major cardiovascular risk factors and who are not at higher cardiovascular risk than non-obese individuals [47]. The population with MHO has less visceral adipose tissue than the population with metabolically unhealthy obesity in postmenopausal women [48]. In other words, obesity women without abdominal obesity or obesity women with gynoid fat distribution pattern should be metabolically healthy. We challenge the existence of MHO in peri- and postmenopausal women since it might be just the continuum of midlife body changes during menopausal transition. The hormonal changes during menopausal transition and after menopause may have stronger influence on MetS than body fat distribution pattern or BMI. In our study, participants with gynoid fat distribution pattern had significantly lower prevalence of MetS than participants with android fat distribution pattern (9.9% versus 35.9%, p < .001). Further analysis of peri- and postmenopausal women who were overweight and obese revealed the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in women with gynoid fat distribution pattern is half of those with android fat distribution pattern (26.3% versus 55.6%, p = .005) with the lower prevalence of reduced HDL-C and elevated fasting glucose). The difference in the prevalence of MetS among body fat distribution pattern reflexed the influences of hormonal milieu during menopausal transition since the participants with gynoid body fat distribution pattern was younger and more in perimenopausal stage than android body fat distribution pattern counterpart.