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Poisoning
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
Patients may develop nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain in the first few hours of paracetamol overdose and following this there can be a period in which the patient is asymptomatic. Clinical signs of liver injury, such as jaundice and right upper quadrant tenderness, typically develop 24–48 hours post-overdose.
Nutraceutical Intervention for Treatment of Alcoholism and Drinking Problems
Published in Raj K. Keservani, Anil K. Sharma, Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Nutraceuticals and Dietary Supplements, 2020
Numerous studies have been carried out in the recent past that has proved beneficial effect of milk thistle in the treatment of alcoholic liver disease and have found noteworthy developments in liver function. Individuals with the slightest form of alcohol-related liver injury have shown decent effects. Milk thistle is less effective for those suffering from severe liver disease, such as cirrhosis, which is characterized by scarring, everlasting, and irreparable injury to the liver. However, there are no studies on the role of milk thistle for liquor drawing. People who are sensitive to ragweed may have an allergic response to milk thistle. Milk thistle may interact with several medicines. However, some compounds in milk thistle resemble with estrogen in their composition, so people with hormone-sensitive conditions should consult with a physician before consuming.
Antimicrobial Agents and Liver Injury
Published in Firza Alexander Gronthoud, Practical Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2020
Liver injury can present as: Hepatocellular injury— Increased alanine transferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) with normal to mildly increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma-GTCholestatic injuryMixed hepatocellular-cholestatic injuryAcute or chronicGranulomasSteatosis and steatohepatitis
Self-assembled micelles enhance the oral delivery of curcumin for the management of alcohol-induced tissue injury
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2021
Sha Bao, Yanqin Zhang, Jing Ye, Yujin Zhu, Rui Li, Xiaohong Xu, Quan Zhang
Liver is primary site for alcohol metabolism, so alcohol is prone to damage hepatic cells and cause severe liver injury. AST and ALT are widely distributed in cells throughout the body, but their largest location pool is the cytosol of hepatic parenchymal cells (García-Niño et al. 2015). Therefore, ALT and AST are usually thought to be specific indicators for evaluating liver injury (García-Niño et al. 2015). It was shown in Figure 6 that the serum levels of ALT and AST were significantly increased after oral ethanol administration (p < 0.01), which indicated alcoholic liver injury model in mice was successfully established. CUR treatment could induce mild decrease the serum level of ALT in mice (p < 0.01) but have negligible effect on AST level in serum (p > 0.05). When treated by CUR-Ms, the serum levels of ALT and AST were decreased by 30 and 40%, respectively, which illustrated that CUR-Ms could display the obvious protection against alcoholic liver injury.
Captopril suppresses hepatic mammalian target of rapamycin cell signaling and biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in thioacetamide-induced hepatotoxicity in rats
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2021
Fahaid Al-Hashem, Suliman Al Humayed, Mohamed A. Haidara, Noha S. Abdel Latif, Bahjat Al-Ani
Chronic liver injury is a debilitating and frequently life-threatening disease resulting in progressive liver failure, which leaves liver transplantation as the only available method of treatment (Bzowej et al.2011). Liver fibrosis is a pathophysiological process that represents the common response of a variety of insults to the liver, including hepatitis, toxins, viruses, alcohol abuse, metabolic diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cholestatic liver disease (Friedman 2003). Regression of hepatic fibrosis could be a potential therapeutic choice to prevent the progression of liver disease to cirrhosis and eventually, liver failure (Liedtke et al.2013, Czaja 2014). Upregulation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and biomarkers of liver fibrosis, alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) are known to promote liver fibrosis (Zhao et al.2014). Insults that lead to the activation of the quiescent, nonproliferativehepatic stellate cells (HSCs), cause these cells to become highly proliferative producing most of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the fibrotic liver via the upregulation of mTOR (Neef et al.2006, Shan et al.2016). Activated mTOR leads to many downstream cell signaling pathways including the activation of the hypoxic transcription factor, HIF-1α and TIMP-1, which participate in promoting liver fibrosis (Zhao et al.2014) and cancer (Masoud and Li 2015).
No association between COVID-19 related liver injury and the course of disease: a retrospective study
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2021
B. J (Barend) Sikkema, J. (Jerome) Sint Nicolaas, P. (Peter) van Wijngaarden
To date, several studies have reported on liver injury during COVID-19 infection [2,4,12,15,16,18–20]. All these studies have a retrospective, observational study design. The reported incidence of liver injury varies from 2.5% to 61.5%, mainly defined as elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels [2–4,12–14,19,20]. Levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma-glutamyl tranferase are not reported in most studies [3]. A prevailing majority of the affected patients have only transient and mild to moderate elevations of AST and ALT levels [3,4,9,11,12,15,16,18,19]. The proportion of infected men with elevated AST and ALT levels appears to be higher compared to women [4,9,16,19,20]. Some articles reported higher AST and ALT levels in severe COVID-19 cases and suggest that liver injury is more prevalent in severe cases [2,3,5,13–15,18,19]. Various studies documented the highest AST and ALT levels at any time during disease progression [15,18,19]. Furthermore, previous studies included patients with pre-existing liver disease or did not mention alcohol consumption [4,13,15,16,18,20]. Hence, liver injury in these studies might be caused by ischemia in severe cases, aggravation of pre-existing liver disease or administered drugs during hospital admission such as certain antibiotics, lopinavir/ritonavir or total parenteral nutrition. Therefore, the prognostic value of liver injury is still unclear.