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General Thermography
Published in James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead, Human Medical Thermography, 2023
James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead
The anterior abdominal cavity contains the stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, and urinary bladder (Figure 10.62). The posterior abdomen contains the pancreas, kidneys, adrenal glands, and the great vessels (aorta, inferior vena cava, and cisterna chyli). Due to overlying structures, these posterior organs are rarely seen thermographically, though pyelonephritis may cause warmth near the costovertebral angle.168 The anterior abdominal wall contains muscular and adipose layers that may obscure conducted heat or nitric oxide emitted from intestinal pathology, thus the stomach and intestines are rarely visible in thermal images unless markedly inflamed. Usually, the umbilicus provides a “thermal window” in the anterior abdominal wall through which the internal abdominal temperature can be approximated, though obesity or an umbilical hernia may obstruct this view.
Management of Conditions and Symptoms
Published in Amy J. Litterini, Christopher M. Wilson, Physical Activity and Rehabilitation in Life-threatening Illness, 2021
Amy J. Litterini, Christopher M. Wilson
Progressive liver failure, associated with diagnoses such as cirrhosis, hepatitis, and primary or metastatic liver cancer (see Chapter 9, malignant neoplasms), often results in ascites. Ascites is the accumulation of fluid within the abdominal cavity, which in advanced cases, distends the abdomen causing discomfort, pressure, nausea, and bloating for the patient. Shortness of breath can also occur due to increased pressure on the diaphragm; if fluid migrates across the diaphragm, ascites can also cause pleural effusion. Bilateral lower extremity swelling, as well as umbilical hernia are possible with significant ascites. The severe sense of fullness, and tightness in the abdominal cavity and chest, often restricts comfortable range of motion and functional mobility. The diagnosis is typically made by physical exam, ultrasound, and/or MRI or CT scanning. When associated with disseminated cancer, it is referred to as malignant ascites.
Abdominal surgery: General principles of access
Published in Mark Davenport, James D. Geiger, Nigel J. Hall, Steven S. Rothenberg, Operative Pediatric Surgery, 2020
Nigel J. Hall, Katherine A. Barsness
Laparoscopy is unique in its approach to the abdominal cavity. Whereas open incisions are placed as close to the target pathology as possible, laparoscopic port sites are better sited distant from the target, creating a wide view of the surrounding tissues and structures. The result is that laparoscopic access can provide a much larger field of view than an open incision, particularly in the absence of intra-abdominal adhesions and scarring or large space-occupying tumors. One caveat to the use of laparoscopy is the requirement that intra-abdominal domain is not compromised by the pathologic state for which the operation is being conducted. A distended abdomen that is taut with bowel dilatation or a large space-occupying lesion may prevent further distention of the abdominal wall with carbon dioxide insufflation, abrogating the ability to create a working space for a laparoscopic procedure.
Modified minimally invasive laparoscopic peritoneal dialysis catheter insertion with internal fixation
Published in Renal Failure, 2023
Xingzhe Gao, Zhiguo Peng, Engang Li, Jun Tian
The ISPD guidelines recommended catheter fixation, adhesiolysis, omentopexy or omentectomy if necessary as standard procedure in laparoscopic PDC insertion [21]. Some physicians routinely perform omentopexy or partial omentectomy during PDC insertion. However, this procedure should be performed selectively because it may not be necessary when the omentum is short or adheres to a previous upper abdominal surgical site [6]. Adhesiolysis, omentopexy and omentectomy were not routinely performed in our operation. Laparoscopy was first used to observe the abdominal cavity. If the patient did not have severe intraperitoneal adhesion that might affect the operation and the omentum was not redundant, the original procedure was performed. One of our patients had a hysterectomy history. An adhesion was found between pelvic tissue and the anterior abdominal wall on laparoscopic examination. After our observation and evaluation, the catheter could be controlled to bypass the adhesion and the operation was successfully completed. No omentopexy or omentectomy was performed in any of our patients, which may be related to the small sample size. If it is necessary to perform adhesiolysis, omentopexy or omentectomy, another port can be added on the right abdominal wall to become a three-port laparoscopic method, which can easily perform these operations. Therefore, our minimally invasive PDC insertion takes safety, convenience and minimal incision in consideration, and still has the ability to perform complex procedures, which can bring maximum benefits to patients.
Did hypervitaminosis A have a role in Mawson’s ill-fated Antarctic exploration?
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2022
Hypervitaminosis A also affects other parts of the body. After the onset of neurologic symptoms, skin peeling, starting in many cases on the face at the corners of the mouth, may occur [15]. It can generalize to the whole body. Mawson clearly had dramatic skin sloughing with the entire skin of his ears and soles peeling off [6]. Less apparent organ damage involves leaching of calcium from bones, causing an increased risk of fractures, and inflammation of the liver [21]. Advanced liver disease with ascites accumulation in the abdominal cavity may be a consequence of cirrhosis. Neither of these manifestations of hypervitaminosis A are hinted out in Mawson’s journals. However, these two manifestations are much more common in the chronic stages of hypervitaminosis A with daily exposures exceeding 50,000 IU per day for a period of months – a time line that Mawson and Mertz did not have – as all their dogs were consumed over 23 days [21].
Simulation of non-Newtonian flow of blood in a modified laparoscopic forceps used in minimally invasive surgery
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Md. Abdul Raheem Junaidi, Harsha Sista, Ram Chandra Murthy Kalluri, Y. V. Daseswara Rao, Alla Gopala Krishna Gokhale
There has been a significant development in the field of surgery over the last few years to facilitate and improve surgeons' performance and patients' safety. Earlier, surgeons used to perform laparotomy procedures by cutting the abdominal cavity wide open, to view the internal organs directly. This often requires a big incision of about 100 mm in length (Buia et al. 2015). Laparoscopic procedure, on the other hand, is a minimally invasive surgery (MIS) used by surgeons to operate upon the abdominal cavity by viewing the internal organs through a monitor. Depending on the type of surgery, up to four small incisions of less than 10 mm are made in the abdomen through which instruments like a laparoscope, dissector forceps, and suction–irrigation (S–I) device are inserted. A laparoscope is a 330 mm long device with a high-resolution camera used for viewing organs in the abdominal cavity. The dissector forceps is used for grasping and dissecting the infected tissue. The S–I process is used to clean and disinfect the abdominal cavity to enable safe and efficient surgical intervention. This is done by sucking out blood and other body fluids and irrigating with a disinfectant such as saline water. S–I instruments must be sterilized properly to avoid the clotting of blood and trapping of tissue inside it. Some advantages of the laparoscopic procedures include minimal scarring, less trauma, less post-operative pain, less chances of infection to patients and surgeons, reduced duration of stay in the hospital, and faster recovery time (Chambers et al. 2011; Li 2011; Santos et al. 2011; Zhu et al. 2017).