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Aetiology and Laboratory Diagnosis
Published in Raimo E Suhonen, Rodney P R Dawber, David H Ellis, Fungal Infections of the Skin, Hair and Nails, 2020
Raimo E Suhonen, Rodney P R Dawber, David H Ellis
Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. interdigitale is an anthropophilic fungus of worldwide distribution that is a common cause of tinea pedis (particularly the vesicular type), tinea corporis and sometimes superficial nail-plate invasion. It is not known to invade hair in vivo. Key features include culture characteristics, microscopic morphology and in vitro perforation of human hair. Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. interdigitale can be distinguished from T. rubrum and from other varieties of T. mentagrophytes by its culture characteristics and microscopic morphology on Sabouraud’s dextrose agar and/or Lactritmel agar, and by its growth and colony morphology on Sabouraud’s salt agar (Figure 1.7).
Medicinal Plants of India and Their Antimicrobial Property
Published in Jayanta Kumar Patra, Gitishree Das, Sanjeet Kumar, Hrudayanath Thatoi, Ethnopharmacology and Biodiversity of Medicinal Plants, 2019
Ifra Zoomi, Harbans Kaur Kehri, Ovaid Akhtar, Pragya Srivastava, Dheeraj Pandey, Raghvendra Pratap Narayan
Medicinal plants play a greater role in health care and are considered to provide resistance against fungal diseases (Bansod and Rai, 2008; Murtaza et al., 2015). Vonshak et al. (2003) screened twenty-eight medicinal plants for their antifungal activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, T. soudanense, Candida albicans, C. krusei and Torulopsis glabrata. Several studies have shown that medicinal plants of India have significant antifungal activity. These plants are Azadirachta indica (Biswas et al., 2002; Natarajan et al., 2003), Aegle marmelos (Balakumar et al., 2011) and Euphrbia hirta (Ahmad et al., 2017).
Experimental animal models of invasive fungal infections
Published in Mahmoud A. Ghannoum, John R. Perfect, Antifungal Therapy, 2019
Christopher L. Hager, Lisa Long, Yoshifumi Imamura, Mahmoud A. Ghannoum
Animals are anesthetized intramuscularly and an area of skin on the left side of the guinea pig’s back is clipped, shaved, and a 2.5 cm square drawn on the shaved area. The marked area is abraded with sandpaper, and infected with a standardized suspension (1 × 107) of Trichophyton mentagrophytes conidia using a sterile pipette-tip and rubbed thoroughly. Animals can be treated topically or systemically. Both clinical and mycological criteria are used to evaluate the efficacy of potential antifungals. Clinical evaluation involves daily monitoring of changes in redness (mild, moderate, or severe), ulceration, scaling, or hair-loss at the site of inoculation. These signs are used in the clinical assessment of efficacy of different treatments and control regimens. Clinical efficacy is scored on a scale from 0 to 5 as follows: 0 = no signs of infection; 1 = few slightly erythematous areas on the skin; 2 = well-defined redness, swelling with bristling hairs, bald patches, scaly areas; 3 = large areas of marked redness, incrustation, scaling, bald patches, ulcerated in places; 4 = partial damage to the integument, loss of hair; and 5 = extensive damage to the integument and complete loss of hair at the site of infection (Figure 3.7).
Fenticonazole nitrate loaded trans-novasomes for effective management of tinea corporis: design characterization, in silico study, and exploratory clinical appraisal
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Rofida Albash, Maha H. Ragaie, Mahmoud A. El Hassab, Radwan El-Haggar, Wagdy M. Eldehna, Sara T. Al-Rashood, Shaimaa Mosallam
Trichophyton mentagrophytes was chosen for this test, as it is considered the most common causal agent for dermatophytosis (Frías-De-León et al., 2020; Petrucelli et al., 2020). The ability of XTT reduction assay to quantify the activity of Trichophyton mentagrophytes provides an advantage over the agar diffusion technique. It assesses cell activity using a quantitative colorimetric assessment of the intracellular formazan molecule produced when XTT is reduced (Roehm et al., 1991; Jahn et al., 1995). Figure 5 depicts the antifungal activity of FTN suspension and F7. The MIC for F7 (0.48 µg/mL) was lower than that of FTN suspension (0.98 µg/mL). The formulation's effectiveness increases as the MIC value decreases. F7 achieved a twofold reduction in the MIC when compared to FTN suspension which might be explained by high discharge and ultimate diffusion of FTN from F7, as well as high oxidative stress caused by the inclusion of polyunsaturated lipids in the membrane will contribute to the antifungal activity of oleic acid when compared to FTN suspension (Avis & Bélanger, 2001; Thibane et al., 2010; Shahin et al., 2011).
Toxicity, preparation methods and applications of silver nanoparticles: an update
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2022
Anuj Choudhary, Sanjiv Singh, V. Ravichandiran
Silver nanoparticles are effective antifungal medicines for a variety of fungal infections. Nano-Ag demonstrated significant antifungal action on clinical isolates & ATCC strains of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Candida species at doses ranging up to 7 g/mL (Kim et al. 2008). Researcher created an inert medium comprising Ag nanoparticles of 20 nm in a soda-lime silica glass that exhibits improved destructive action (Esteban-Tejeda et al. 2009). Issatchenkia Orientalis potentially affected by antifungal action of Monodisperse Nano-Ag sepiolite fibers. NPs of silver show antifungal action with minimum inhibitory concentration of 25 μg/mL against Candida albicans (Jain et al. 2009). The findings imply that nano-Ag may have antifungal properties by altering the structure of the cell membrane and preventing normal budding due to the loss of membrane integrity. The study revealed that nano-Ag has significant antifungal efficacy, indicating that it should be investigated further for therapeutic applications (Kim et al. 2009).
Inhibitory effect of proteinase K against dermatophyte biofilms: an alternative for increasing the antifungal effects of terbinafine and griseofulvin
Published in Biofouling, 2022
Raimunda Sâmia Nogueira Brilhante, Raissa Geovanna Pereira Lopes, Lara de Aguiar, Jonathas Sales de Oliveira, Géssica dos Santos Araújo, Germana Costa Paixão, Waldemiro de Aquino Pereira-Neto, Rosemayre Souza Freire, João Victor Serra Nunes, Renan Pereira de Lima, Flávia Almeida Santos, José Júlio Costa Sidrim, Marcos Fábio Gadelha Rocha
Fourteen dermatophyte strains were used (three M. canis, five T. tonsurans, four Trichophyton mentagrophytes, one Trichophyton rubrum and one E. floccosum). These strains were obtained from the culture collection of the Specialized Medical Mycology Center of the Federal University of Ceará, Brazil (Table 1). Initially, the strains were grown on 2% Sabouraud dextrose agar supplemented with 0.1% chloramphenicol (Difco-Dickinson, Detroit, MI, USA), and incubated at 28 °C for 7–15 days. Then, these strains were identified through morphological features of the colonies and micromorphological features under optical light microscopy, using lactophenol blue cotton. Finally, the strains were seeded on potato dextrose agar (Difco-Dickinson) and maintained at 28 °C (Brilhante et al. 2018b). The strains Candida krusei ATCC 6258, Trichophyton tonsurans ATCC 28942 and Trichophyton mentagrophytes CEMM-05-06-115 were used as controls in the antifungal susceptibility assay (Brilhante et al. 2018b, 2021; Castelo-Branco et al. 2020).