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Animal Bites
Published in Firza Alexander Gronthoud, Practical Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2020
The disease is caused by Pasteurella multocida, a Gram-negative coccobacillus found in mammals and birds. Many domestic mammals (i.e. cats, dogs, rabbits and small rodents) carry P. multocida as part of their normal flora. Human infections typically result from bites and scratches. Pasteurellosis can present as painful skin and wound infections. In severe cases, it may result in bacteraemia, endocarditis, meningitis and osteomyelitis.
Pathological Processes of Skin Damage Related to Toxicant Exposure
Published in David W. Hobson, Dermal and Ocular Toxicology, 2020
Infectious Diseases — Unexpected morbidity and mortality in rabbits used for percutaneous toxicity testing may be attributed to several infectious diseases. Although specific pathogen free animals may be purchased which are largely free of these diseases, rabbits from most commercial sources are infected. Losses may be so great that studies are hopelessly compromised. Enterotoxemia — Several variants of this highly fatal disease “complex” may occur in young rabbits following stress, dietary changes, or experimental manipulation. Causative organisms may include toxigenic strains of Escherichia coli or Clostridium sp. Clinical and pathological findings range from acute death with mild intestinal hyperemia as the only pathologic change to a more protracted course characterized by anorexia, weight loss, and “mucoid enteropathy”. In most cases, treatment is of limited value.68–70Pasteurellosis — Infection with the organism Pasteurella multocida usually begins as a mucopurulent rhinitis (“snuffles”) and progresses to involve regional lymph nodes, middle and inner ear structures, and the lungs. Clinically, torticollis (head tilt) is observed when the organism reaches the inner ear, and death rapidly ensues following pleuropulmonary dissemination. Chemotherapy is generally useless.70Encephalitizoonosis — This insidious disease, which is caused by the microsporidian parasite, Encephalitozoon cuniculi, may result in significant lesions in the kidney, central nervous system (CNS), and the hepatobiliary system. Although replication of this parasite in the renal tubular epithelium frequently causes a severe tubulointerstitial nephritis, the presence of parasite-induced microgranulomas in the CNS is of more concern in dermatotoxicology studies. Granulomas may be widespread throughout the brain and spinal cord and mask or potentiate neurologic signs associated with the test article.71
Variability in in vitro biofilm production and antimicrobial sensitivity pattern among Pasteurella multocida strains
Published in Biofouling, 2020
Awadhesh Prajapati, Mohammed Mudassar Chanda, Arul Dhayalan, Revanaiah Yogisharadhya, Jitendra Kumar Chaudhary, Nihar Nalini Mohanty, Sathish Bhadravati Shivachandra
Pasteurella multocida, a Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the family Pasteurellaceae, is an important multi-host as well as a zoonotic pathogen that is capable of causing either chronic respiratory or multi-systemic acute/peracute diseases such as pneumonic/septicaemic pasteurellosis in sheep and goats, haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) in bovines, atrophic rhinitis in pigs, fowl cholera in poultry, snuffles in rabbits and localized wound infection in humans (Harper et al. 2006; Shivachandra et al. 2011). The microorganism, with 5 capsular serogroups (A, B, D, E and F) and 16 somatic serotypes (1 to 16) (Carter 1955; Heddleston et al. 1972; Harper and Boyce 2017; Astorga et al. 2019), is known to possess different virulence factors which are believed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of pasteurellosis. Although, numerous virulence factors of P. multocida have been identified and characterized (Hatfaludi et al. 2010; Wilson and Ho 2013; Peng et al. 2019), a large number of uncharacterized features/factors still remain to be investigated. In an epidemiological perspective, understanding the pathogenesis and differentiation of P. multocida strains have largely relied on several conventional/molecular tools such as biotyping, antimicrobial sensitivity patterns, target gene sequencing and nucleic acid based/PCR assays (Shivachandra et al. 2013; 2014; 2017; Yogisharadhya et al. 2019; Prajapati et al. 2020; Sundarraj et al. 2020). Although, several of these tools indicated greater genetic homogeneity and/or heterogeneity of strains within the family, there are no studies correlating with the pathogenesis of disease form/type/host species. A phenotypic-based differentiation of circulating strains along with their correlation with disease is likely to enhance the understanding of pathogenesis and disease control. Among various virulence mechanisms adopted by diverse P. multocida strains, the role of biofilm formation is an interesting factor to elucidate in the infectious process.