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Dental Disease, Inflammation, Cardiovascular Disease, Nutrition and Nutritional Supplements
Published in Stephen T. Sinatra, Mark C. Houston, Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2022
Douglas G. Thompson, Gregori M. Kurtzman, Chelsea Q. Watkins
Traditionally, periodontal disease has been diagnosed by increases in pocket depth, bleeding gums and bone loss around the teeth leading to clinical attachment loss. Today, the same information is utilized to determine if the disease is and has been present; however, dentists are using the presence of gingival bleeding (bleeding on probing) to determine if the disease is active or stable. The presence of a periodontal pocket (4 mm or greater) is not indicative of active disease, especially when bleeding is not identified on probing. Radiographic evidence of bone loss associated with the teeth indicates prior disease, but it is the presence of bleeding on probing that determines disease activity and the presence of inflammation or in the case of zero bleeding on probing disease stability. When inflammation is identified, it signifies that there has been a histological alteration and bleeding on probing is a result of that change. Dental practitioners recognize that bleeding on probing and gingival inflammation can also be initiated by other systemic issues as well such as caries, failing restorative dentistry, herbals taken in supplement form and other factors. These other initiators of bleeding on probing need to be taken into consideration during the formulation of the diagnosis.
Nutraceuticals for Maternal and Offspring’s Dental Health
Published in Priyanka Bhatt, Maryam Sadat Miraghajani, Sarvadaman Pathak, Yashwant Pathak, Nutraceuticals for Prenatal, Maternal and Offspring’s Nutritional Health, 2019
Amanda Rodrigues, Amorim Adegboye
Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammation induced by bacterial infection which affects the supporting structures of teeth (e.g. gums). Periodontitis is then characterized by periodontal clinical attachment loss and alveolar bone loss, which can subsequently lead to tooth loss (Krasse et al. 2006a). Gingivitis is a mild inflammation of the gingivae and tends to result in redness, swelling, and bleeding (Krasse et al. 2006).
Gingiva and Periodontal Tissue Regeneration
Published in Vincenzo Guarino, Marco Antonio Alvarez-Pérez, Current Advances in Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering, 2020
Avita Rath, Preena Sidhu, Priyadarshini Hesarghatta Ramamurthy, Bennete Aloysius Fernandesv, Swapnil Shankargouda, Sultan Orner Sheriff
PDGF and IGF-1 had additive effects on calvarial DNA synthesis, but PDGF opposed the stimulatory effect of IGF-1 on collagen synthesis, and IGF-1 prevented the PDGF effect on collagen degradation (Hutmacher and Cool 2007). In further research, IGF-1 alone at a dose of 10 mg did not significantly alter periodontal wound healing, while PDGF-BB alone at the same dose significantly stimulated new attachment, with trends of effect on other parameters. For example, the PDGF-BB/ IGF-1 combination resulted in significant increases in new attachment and osseous defect fill at both 4 and 12 weeks (Bottino et al. 2011). In humans, the use of purified rhPDGF-BB mixed with bone allograft resulted in robust periodontal regeneration in both class II furcations (Vaquette et al. 2012) and interproximal intrabony defects (Carlo-Reis et al. 2011). Based on these studies, recombinant human PDGF-BB homodimer in b-TCP is approved for the treatment of intrabony and furcation defects, as well as gingival recession in periodontal disease and is commercially available as Gem-21 (Osteohealth Co., Shirley, NY, USA). Furthermore, a large multicenter randomized controlled trial study of PDGF-BB homodimer, together with b-TCP, in the surgical treatment of a 4 mm or greater intrabony periodontal defect demonstrated significant increases in Clinical Attachment Levels (CAL) reduced gingival recession at three months post-surgery, and improved bone fill when compared with those of b-TCP alone at six months (Carlo-Reis et al. 2011). The safety and effectiveness of this product was further demonstrated recently in a randomized, multicenter clinical trial involving 54 patients with periodontal osseous defects (Park et al. 2010). Although far from ideal for meeting the needs of complex periodontal therapy, the road from basic research to clinical applications of PDGF-BB, or BMP-2 suggests a potential use of protein-based therapeutics for stimulating and accelerating periodontal tissue healing and bone regeneration (Park et al. 2013).
Comparative analysis of the oral microbiome of burning mouth syndrome patients
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2022
Byeong-Min Lee, Ji Woon Park, Jung Hwan Jo, Bumjo Oh, Gehoon Chung
Twenty-seven adult patients were recruited from those who visited the Department of Oral Medicine, Seoul National University Dental Hospital with the chief complaint of burning sensation and dysesthesia of the oral mucosa and no objective abnormalities of the oral cavity identified on intra-oral examination, hence diagnosed as primary BMS between 1 November 2019 and 1 March 2020. All participants were examined for periodontal health and those with clinical attachment loss of more than 3 mm were considered to have chronic periodontitis by the definition from the Centers for Disease Control-American Association of Periodontitis [30] and were excluded from the study to minimize the contamination from periodontitis-related microbiome. Other exclusion criteria were smoking, less than 20 natural teeth, denture wearing, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (fasting plasma glucose level>125 mg/ml), and other uncontrolled systemic diseases, history of malignant cancer, history of head and neck radiation therapy, and antibiotic intake within the past 4 weeks. Those with abnormal findings from the clinical and laboratory examinations were also excluded.
Human periodontitis-associated salivary microbiome affects the immune response of diabetic mice
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2022
Jinzhi He, Xin Shen, Di Fu, Yutao Yang, Kaixin Xiong, Lei Zhao, Huixu Xie, Georege Pelekos, Yan Li
Sex- and age-matched periodontitis patients (N = 8) and healthy controls (N = 12) were recruited at the West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University. Inclusion criteria for periodontitis patients included (i) 20 ~ 65 years old, (ii) medically healthy, (iii) no previous periodontal treatment and antibiotics use within the past half-year, (iv) attachment loss >3 mm, (v) probe depth >6 mm. Periodontally healthy subjects had (i) no periodontal pockets, (ii) no clinical attachment loss, (iii) no alveolar bone absorption, and (iv) less than 15% of periodontal sites with bleeding on probing or redness. A writing consent was obtained before microbial sampling. All volunteers were asked to refrain from food and drink 1 h before saliva donation. Saliva was sampled in the morning (8:00 am~10:00 am). Approximately 5 mL of spontaneous, unstimulated whole saliva was expectorated into a sterile 50 mL cryogenic vial. Saliva was centrifuged at 500 g for 2 min to remove food debris. The saliva of healthy controls and periodontitis patients was equal volume pooled, respectively, labelled as periodontitis patient donated or healthy subject donated microbiome, aliquoted, and stored at −80°C until use.
Clinical and biological indicators of periodontal disease in obese and non-obese adults with and without bronchial asthma
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2022
Bader Ikbariyeh, Rola Al Habashneh, Basheer Khassawneh, Mohammad Alrawashdeh, Lina Elsalem, Jowan Al-Nusair
Periodontitis is a major public health problem. It’s a disease affecting the supporting tissues of teeth leading to loss of periodontal tissue support and alveolar bone loss described as clinical attachment loss. Periodontitis is a disease of multifactorial nature involving an interaction between microbial challenge, host inflammatory and immune responses, and environmental modifying factors (1,2). Also it might negatively affect the quality of life being implicated in tooth loss, chewing difficulties, and esthetic problems as well as the need for huge dental care costs (2). Periodontal disease is closely associated with other chronic systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, rheumatoid arthritis, obesity, and adverse pregnancy outcomes (3–5).