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Bacterial Infections of the Oral Cavity
Published in K. Balamurugan, U. Prithika, Pocket Guide to Bacterial Infections, 2019
P. S. Manoharan, Praveen Rajesh
The epithelial component, which is described as the attachment apparatus, has been extensively studied (Schroeder and Listgarten, 2003). It is the most active yet sensitive area of tooth structure. A high turnover of cells are noticed in this junction and under continuous shedding process as new cells are formed. The junctional epithelium is seen at the base of the sulcus, 15 to 30-cell-layer thickness and is found attached partly to the enamel at the neck region of the tooth and partly over the cementum. Plaque deposits that harbor bacteria at this junction can be potentially harmful. The subgingival aggregation of plaque forms a niche from which the disease process is aggravated by further accumulation of plaque and other debris.
Anatomy and Embryology of the Mouth and Dentition
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Terry M Jones, Vinidh Paleri, Nicholas White, Tim Woolford, Head & Neck Surgery Plastic Surgery, 2018
Gustatory mucosa covers the anterior two-thirds of the dorsum of the tongue. The vermilion (red zone) of the lip that separates the skin from lining mucosa has been regarded by some as being specialized, as it shares features of both lining and masticatory mucosa.2 The epithelium that attaches the tooth to the gingiva, the junctional epithelium, also has features that distinguish it from all other stratified squamous epithelia (e.g. internal and external basal lamina).
Odontogenic Tumors
Published in Dongyou Liu, Tumors and Cancers, 2017
Covering the alveolar processes of the maxilla and mandible and finishing at the neck of each tooth, the gingiva (gums) is a mucosal tissue lined with epithelium. The gingival epithelium is divided into the oral, sulcular, and junctional sections. The oral epithelium comprises stratified squamous keratinizing epithelium, which covers the oral and vestibular gingival surfaces. The sulcular epithelium is continuous with the oral epithelium and lines the gingival sulcus. The junctional epithelium lines the dentoepithelial junction at the bottom of the gingival sulcus.
Critical roles of adherens junctions in diseases of the oral mucosa
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2023
Christina Kingsley, Antonis Kourtidis
The gingival epithelium has been extensively studied due to its implication in periodontal disease. The gingival epithelium is composed of keratinizing stratified epithelium and covers the external surface of the gingiva, which surrounds the teeth (Figure 1).6 An important function of the gingival epithelium is to provide the first line of defense in the oral cavity against pathogens.7 There are several components of the gingiva. The attached gingiva is firmly bonded to the connective tissue over the alveolar bone and is separated from the oral mucosa by the mucogingival line (Figure 1). The attached gingiva is located apically to the gingival sulcus, which is the space surrounding each tooth and is lined by the oral sulcular epithelium (Box 1; Figure 1). This epithelium is stratified and non-keratinized.2 The junctional epithelium is a specialized epithelial component. This epithelium is derived from the enamel epithelium and mediates the attachment of the gingival epithelium to the enamel on the tooth surface (Figure 1).8 This is an important function of the junctional epithelium, because it forms a barrier against pathogens passing from the oral cavity into the tissue that supports the tooth.9 Due to its role, the junctional epithelium isan area of extensive study in periodontal disease,10 where tooth mobility and loss are found. In comparison to the gingival epithelium, the junctional epithelium shows no keratinization and exhibits much higher proliferation and turnover rate2,7,8 (Figure 1).
Polyamine biomarkers as indicators of human disease
Published in Biomarkers, 2021
Mohsin Amin, Shiying Tang, Liliana Shalamanova, Rebecca L. Taylor, Stephen Wylie, Badr M. Abdullah, Kathryn A. Whitehead
The red complex bacteria encompass what is known to be the most pathogenic bacteria in human periodontal disease (Suzuki et al.2013). These Gram-negative bacteria become more prevalent during the later stages of dental biofilm development (Kesavalu et al.2007). Studies have shown that there are upwards of 96% infection rates of P. gingivalis, of which, 75% are in active periodontal sites, and 59.7% of P. gingivalis colonization is found in inactive regions (López 2000, Hernández et al.2011). The colonization of these areas by such microorganisms enables the initiation of inflammation to develop in the surrounding tissues, which can result in the loss of connective tissues and alveolar bone. This facilitates the conversion of the junctional epithelium to the pocket epithelium (Bosshardt 2018).
Gingival epithelial barrier: regulation by beneficial and harmful microbes
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2019
Naoki Takahashi, Benso Sulijaya, Miki Yamada-Hara, Takahiro Tsuzuno, Koichi Tabeta, Kazuhisa Yamazaki
Distinct from the oral epithelium, the gastrointestinal epithelium is composed of a simple layer of columnar epithelial cells. Goblet cells are a major secretory cellular lineage in the intestinal epithelium, synthesizing and secreting mucin into the intestinal lumen. Among other lineages of intestinal epithelial cells, enterocytes are involved in nutrient absorption and immunoglobulin secretion, and Paneth cells can synthesize and produce antimicrobial peptides.23 These specialized epithelial cells are efficient physical and chemical barriers against invading microbes. Unlike the gut, the oral epithelium consists of a stratified squamous epithelium which can be subdivided into three components based on cell morphology: oral epithelium (OE), sulcular epithelium (SE), and junctional epithelium (JE).24 The OE is a keratinizing form of epithelium, providing an effective physical barrier against microbial invasion of the underlying gingival connective tissue. In contrast, SE and JE are dominated by a non-keratinized epithelium,25 which suggests that those epithelia are semipermeable and, thus, allow the transport of macro substances from the gingival sulcus into the underlying connective tissue.