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Opsonization of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans by LPS-Directed IgG Antibodies in Sera of Juvenile Periodontitis Patients
Published in Helmut Brade, Steven M. Opal, Stefanie N. Vogel, David C. Morrison, Endotoxin in Health and Disease, 2020
Periodontitis, commonly known as gum disease, is an inflammatory process that leads to the progressive loss of periodontal ligament cells and alveolar bone that provide support for the teeth. Bacteria resident in dental plaque are considered to be the primary etiologic agents of periodontal disease. A number of distinct forms of periodontitis are currently recognized, differing in microbial etiology, rate of progression, and response to periodontal therapy (1). While many adults experience some degree of periodontitis (“adult periodontitis”) after the third decade of life, certain forms of periodontitis, termed early-onset periodontitis (EOP), become manifest at an earlier age. EOP develops during childhood or adolescence and is thought to be associated with defects in host defense, especially involving production or function of cirulating polymorphonuclear neutrophils.
The Digestive (Gastrointestinal) System and Its Disorders
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
The periodontium consists of the tissues that surround and support the teeth, which are the gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone. The gingiva is the part of the oral mucosa that covers the alveolar process of the jaw and surrounds the neck of the tooth. Periodontal ligaments serve to attach teeth to the bone; to maintain gingival tissues in the proper relationship to teeth, as shock absorbers; and to provide a casing to protect the vessels and nerves. Cementum is the calcified or hardened tissue that forms the outer covering of the anatomic root. The process of its formation is variable, but continuous. The alveolar bone or tooth socket is the socket in the maxilla (upper jawbone) or mandible (lower jawbone) into which each tooth fits.
Mechanical Stress and Bone Remodeling
Published in Wilson Harvey, Alan Bennett, Prostaglandins in Bone Resorption, 2020
The first changes that can be observed histologically are in the periodontal ligament. Applying force to canine teeth in dogs produced a decrease in the perfusion of the vascular network with injected carbon black on the pressure side.22 Low force (50 g) produced partial occlusion of the blood vessels and frontal resorption of the alveolar bone was observed after 7 days. Greater force (150 g) produced total occlusion of the vessels and resulted in an “undermining” resorption (beneath the periosteal surface) rather than frontal resorption. Khouw and Goldhaber23 used the same technique to study blood flow in the periodontium of rhesus monkeys and dogs and found occlusion of vessels on the pressure side and dilation of the tension side. After 48 hr the occlusion was less pronounced and by 7 days vascularity was reestablished on the pressure side. Gaengler and Merte24 carefully evaluated gingival and periodontal blood flow under forces ranging from 30 to 500 mN applied over short (5 to 30 sec) or longer (10 to 180 min) periods. Neither short nor longer continuous forces had any effect on gingival blood circulation, but changes were found in the periodontal blood supply. Compression and tension of the fenestrated element led to ischemic areas beginning in the venules and capillaries at low forces and spreading to smaller veins and arteries with larger forces. These changes were reversible with intermittent forces, but with continuous force on the compression side there was irreversible thrombosis.
Effects of long noncoding RNA H19 on cementoblast differentiation, mineralisation, and proliferation
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2022
Yunru Hao, Yunlong Wang, Mingyuan Du, Leilei Wang, Zhijian Liu, Chen Zhang, Zhengguo Cao, Hong He
The tooth cementum is a layer of thin and bone-like mineralised tissue covering the root surface. The two ends of periodontal ligament fibres insert into the alveolar bone and the cementum respectively, anchoring the tooth to the surrounding alveolar bone. Defects in the cementum weaken the attachment function and can even lead to tooth loss. Thus, the integrity of cementum is a noteworthy aspect for orthodontic treatment and is also considered to be the most critical part of successful periodontal regeneration [1]. Cementoblasts located along tooth root surfaces are responsible for cementum matrix deposition and mineralisation. Similar to osteoblasts, cementoblasts also express Runx2 [2–4], Sp7 [5,6] and Ibsp [7,8], which participate in the regulation of cementoblasts and the development of cementum. However, further studies on the regulatory mechanisms are still needed.
Analysis of stress in periodontium associated with orthodontic tooth movement: a three dimensional finite element analysis
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Ankita Jain, G. S. Prasantha, Silju Mathew, Sharanya Sabrish
Orthodontic tooth movement is a unique process as it requires the movement of a solid (tooth) in solid (bone). The capability to move the teeth in the bone is conferred by the presence of ‘Periodontal Ligaments’ between the tooth and the bone. The periodontal ligament is exclusively found in the higher animals (mammals) and enables tooth movement in the alveolar socket (Asbell 1990). This ‘Orthodontic force’ is the key to attain the desired movement. The orthodontic force which is most efficient has been defined as the - Optimal Orthodontic Force. The response of a tooth to an applied force is understood at three levels (Burstone 2011):Clinical changesCellular and biochemical changesStress-strain activity in the investing tissues i.e. physical changes
Polyamine biomarkers as indicators of human disease
Published in Biomarkers, 2021
Mohsin Amin, Shiying Tang, Liliana Shalamanova, Rebecca L. Taylor, Stephen Wylie, Badr M. Abdullah, Kathryn A. Whitehead
Periodontitis is an orally, microbial driven inflammatory disease of the periodontium (Hajishengallis 2015). The disease typically manifests as reoccurring inflammation of the gingiva, gingiva bleeding and the formation of periodontal pockets (Schatzle et al.2004). It is estimated that between 20 and 50% of the global adult population are afflicted with periodontitis, making it the sixth most prevalent disease worldwide (Nazir 2017). Periodontitis results in the eventual loss of the periodontal ligament and subsequent destruction of alveolar bone by compromising the integrity of supporting tooth structures (Figure 1) (de Pablo et al.2009, AlMoharib et al.2014). From initiation, the disease progresses with the detachment of collagen fibres from the root cementum, apical migration of the junctional epithelium, deepened pocket formation and finally, resorption of the alveolar bone (Tsuchida et al.2017). Periodontitis will ultimately progress to bone destruction if untreated, leading to increased tooth mobility with subsequent tooth loss (Hienz et al.2015).