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Dental Disease, Inflammation, Cardiovascular Disease, Nutrition and Nutritional Supplements
Published in Stephen T. Sinatra, Mark C. Houston, Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2022
Douglas G. Thompson, Gregori M. Kurtzman, Chelsea Q. Watkins
Traditionally, periodontal disease has been diagnosed by increases in pocket depth, bleeding gums and bone loss around the teeth leading to clinical attachment loss. Today, the same information is utilized to determine if the disease is and has been present; however, dentists are using the presence of gingival bleeding (bleeding on probing) to determine if the disease is active or stable. The presence of a periodontal pocket (4 mm or greater) is not indicative of active disease, especially when bleeding is not identified on probing. Radiographic evidence of bone loss associated with the teeth indicates prior disease, but it is the presence of bleeding on probing that determines disease activity and the presence of inflammation or in the case of zero bleeding on probing disease stability. When inflammation is identified, it signifies that there has been a histological alteration and bleeding on probing is a result of that change. Dental practitioners recognize that bleeding on probing and gingival inflammation can also be initiated by other systemic issues as well such as caries, failing restorative dentistry, herbals taken in supplement form and other factors. These other initiators of bleeding on probing need to be taken into consideration during the formulation of the diagnosis.
Periodontal Diseases
Published in Lars Granath, William D. McHugh, Systematized Prevention of Oral Disease: Theory and Practice, 2019
William D. McHugh, Lars Matsson, Sigmund S. Socransky
Bleeding on probing is a fairly objective measure which can easily be utilized by the dentist. This diagnostic procedure has been recommended by several authors.1,110,115 A realistic goal for the prevention of periodontal disease may thus be to keep the gingival inflammation at a level where the probability of further progression of the disease is low. Until more is known about the progression of periodontal disease, gingivitis which has not reached the established stage, i.e., it is not bleeding on probing, may be a practical goal.
Dental Implant Infection: Typical Causes and Control
Published in Huiliang Cao, Silver Nanoparticles for Antibacterial Devices, 2017
In order to avoid modifying or roughening the surface of dental implants, it has been recommended that the material of the manual treatment curettes should be softer than titanium (Unursaikhan et al. 2012). Therefore, conventional curettes should be avoided. Basic manual treatment can be provided by Teflon, carbon, plastic and titanium curettes (Figure 14.5). However, the outcome of nonsurgical manual treatment alone of peri-implantitis was not predictable and it is documented that the treatment may be efficient when the pocket depth is shallow (Lang et al. 2004), but not enough when the pockets are deep with exposed implant threads (Karring et al. 2005). Depending on the surface topography of the implants, different therapeutic methods have been recommended (Table 14.2). It is possible to reduce bleeding on probing, plaque index and probing depths after at least 6 months. Significantly lower numbers of bacteria with partial reduction of plaque and bleeding scores after mechanical curettage have been reported (Renvert et al. 2009). While using ultrasonic methods, residual biofilm areas can be reduced 30%–40%. The used medium of air polishing systems has significantly affected the treatment outcome in the following order: hydroxylapatite/tricalcium phosphate > hydroxylapatite > glycine > titanium dioxide > water and air (control group) > phosphoric acid (Tastepe et al. 2013). However, the use of mechanical debridement alone was not found to achieve considerable re-osseointegration, which is an important treatment outcome. Even the abrasive air polishing medium may modify the surface of implants. After air powder treatment, cell response to the surface of implants was decreased compared with the original surfaces (Tastepe et al. 2012), although the occurrence of bleeding on probing, one of the qualitative parameters in the presence of a peri-implantitis, could be significantly reduced.
Self-perception of periodontal health and pain experience during periodontal examination in 14- to 15-year-old Danish adolescents
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2022
Anne Birkeholm Jensen, Dorte Haubek
The periodontal outcomes of the total population and of the two subpopulations are listed in Table 2. The difference between the total population and the two subpopulations with regard to periodontal outcomes was not statistically significant (p > .05). The difference in periodontal outcomes between the group of excluded participants, based on their answer regarding periodontal health, and the remaining group of participants did not attain statistical significance (p >.05). In the total population, only nine participants had interdental clinical attachment loss (1.7%), but a substantial proportion of the participants (108 [20.7%]) did show PPD at 4 mm or more. However, only nine participants presented with PPD at 6 mm or more (1.7%). Three hundred ninety-two showed a high percentage of bleeding on probing (75%) and 379 showed high percentage of plaque score (72.5%), indicating a poor oral hygiene in this otherwise periodontally healthy adolescent population. The periodontal outcomes of the two subpopulations were not statistically significantly different from the total population (Table 2).
Caries experience by socio-behavioural characteristics in HIV-1-infected and uninfected Ugandan mothers – a multilevel analysis
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2022
Nancy Birungi, Lars Thore Fadnes, Ingunn Marie Stadskleiv Engebretsen, James Kashugyera Tumwine, Stein Atle Lie, Anne Nordrehaug Åstrøm
Caries experience (outcome variable) was assessed on surface and tooth level (five surfaces per tooth) in terms of decayed (D), missing (M), and filled (F) surface/teeth (DMFS/DMFT) in accordance with the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for field conditions [26]. Each surface was recoded 0 for sound and 1 for caries experience and documented as decayed if it was visually cavitated with the aid of a dental mirror and periodontal probe. A surface was recorded filled when treated and a tooth was recorded missing when extracted due to caries, as confirmed by the participant. To assess gingival bleeding of the individual, the modified community periodontal index (CPI) was used [26]. Each tooth was scored according to the presence or absence of gingival bleeding, using a periodontal probe across the gingival margins of the teeth. An individual score of ‘presence of gingival bleeding’ was given if bleeding on probing was scored for at least one tooth in the mouth.
Evaluation of patients’ perception of gingival recession, its impact on oral health-related quality of life, and acceptance of treatment plan
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2020
Merve Yılmaz, Bahar Füsun Oduncuoğlu, Mediha Nur Nişancı Yılmaz
The clinical periodontal parameters were recorded by one examiner after the evaluation of gingival recessions. The clinical parameters were as follows: 1) probing pocket depth (PPD), referring to the distance from gingival margin to the bottom of the gingival sulcus that measured at six aspects per tooth using a Williams periodontal probe1; 2) gingival recession depth (GRD), the distance from gingival margin and cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) that measured at mesio-buccal, mid-buccal, and disto-buccal aspects of each tooth; 3) gingival recession width (GRW), the widest distance of the recession between the mesial and distal gingival margins of the tooth measured on a horizontal line parallel to the CEJ; 4) width of keratinized gingiva (WKG), the distance from the gingival margin to the muco-gingival junction at recession sites; 5) full mouth plaque score (FMPS), the percentage of total surfaces with plaque presence recorded as full mouth plaque score [22]; and 6) full mouth bleeding score (FMBS), the percentage of total surfaces that bled upon probing recorded as full mouth sulcus bleeding score [23]. The presence of plaque and bleeding on probing was evaluated at four aspects per tooth (at mesio-buccal, mid-buccal, disto-buccal, and mid-lingual/mid-palatinal surfaces). The examiner had been previously calibrated for intra-examiner repeatability of measurements, and the obtained intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.96.