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Monographs of fragrance chemicals and extracts that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Crude MP is a dark brown, viscous liquid which is transparent and yellowish-brown when viewed in a thin layer; the liquid is not sticky, it is non-drying and does not form threads. MP is practically insoluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol, and not miscible with fatty oils, except for castor oil (197). It has an aromatic smell of cinnamon and vanilla, and a bitter taste. To remove it from the tree, the bark is alternately scorched and beaten. The balsam in the bark is obtained by boiling. Following removal of strips of bark from the tree, the exposed wood also secretes balsam. The material is absorbed into rags wrapped around the tree, which are then boiled in water. The balsam sinks to the bottom and is then collected (197).
Identifying Pharmaceutical-Grade Essential Oils and Using Them Safely and Effectively in Integrative Medicine
Published in Aruna Bakhru, Nutrition and Integrative Medicine, 2018
The greatest risk to a fetus from substances that transverse the placenta is during the first trimester. Substances that are known to be toxic, cause abortions, or cause birth defects should be strictly avoided during the first trimester. It is suggested that the internal use of essential oils be avoided during the first trimester. Topical or inhalation methods are preferred during gestation whenever practical. Topical application of dilutions no greater than 3% should be used during the first trimester, particularly among women with a prior history of miscarriage. Mild essential oils like balsam fir, citrus oils, cedarwood, chamomile, frankincense, copaiba, ginger, and tea tree are often used during pregnancy; but the decision of which, if any, essential oils are appropriate for use during pregnancy ultimately remains solely with the mother-to-be and her OB/GYN or healthcare practitioner.
Catalog of Herbs
Published in James A. Duke, Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2018
Peru balsam, produced by injured trees, exudes from trunk and limbs or is extracted from bark. Peru balsam, not produced in Peru, received its name because it was originally assembled and shipped to Spain from the Port of Callao, Peru. Oil (cinnamein) is used in perfume, cosmetic, and soap industries. Balsam and its essential oil have been used as flavorings for baked goods, candy, chewing gum, gelatin, ice cream, pudding, soft drinks, and syrups. Balsam is an excellent fixative, blending very well into perfumes of the oriental type and floral perfumes of the heavier type. Balsam wood is close-grained, handsomely grained, nearly mahogany in color, but redder, with a pleasant odor, retained for a long time, it takes a good polish, and is highly esteemed for cabinet work. Sometimes cultivated as coffee shade or as an ornamental. At one time balsam was so popular as an incense that papal edicts forbade the destruction of the trees. Seeds are used to flavor aguardiente, a popular Latin American alcoholic beverage.40 Balsam fern is used in dental preparation to treat dry socket (postextraction alveolitis). Also, used in feminine hygeine sprays and as a fixative in creams, detergents, lotions, perfumes, and soap.29 Choco Indians use the powdered bark as an underarm deodorant.
Clinical utility of marketing terms used for over-the-counter dermatologic products
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2018
Diagnosis of ACD to fragrances is made by patch testing (7). There are various tools to test for ACD to fragrances, including fragrance mix I (FMI), fragrance mix II (FMII), and balsam of Peru (2). In the past, FMII and Balsam of Peru series detected nearly 90% of allergens. In recent years, screening efficacy has decreased to 60% due to an increase in botanicals and fragrances added to cosmetic products. Balsam of Peru has been replaced by several cross reactants that patients with sensitivity to Balsam of Peru should be counseled to avoid (Table 2) (2). Given low detection rates, it is also recommended that clinicians supplement standard patch testing with the patient’s personal cosmetic products (7). Overall, if patients are concerned about fragrances in their products, they should be counseled on common fragrances to examine for on their labels (Tables 1 and 2) as they can often be hidden as a preservative or moisturizing agent and easy to miss.