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Macronutrients
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Triglycerides belong to the group of glycerolipids formed by the condensation of one, two, or three fatty acids on glycerol, a trihydroxy alcohol. A triglyceride (also called triacylglycerol) is an ester of a glycerol and three fatty acids. It is formed by combining the 3 alcohol -OH groups of a glycerol with the carboxylic -COOH group of 3 fatty acids to give 3 ester bonds (66–68). The 3 fatty acids (FA) in triglyceride are generally different and most formed by long saturated or unsaturated carbon chain lengths containing from 4 to 24 carbon atoms.
Bamboo as Food and Medicine
Published in Nirmala Chongtham, Madho Singh Bisht, Bamboo Shoot, 2020
Nirmala Chongtham, Madho Singh Bisht
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the main causes of death worldwide. Hypertension is a leading cause of cardiovascular diseases such as arteriosclerosis, stroke and myocardial infection which is the world’s leading cause of death each year. The incidence of cardiovascular disease is positively correlated with blood lipid concentration and the association between an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality and increased concentrations of triacylglycerols, total cholesterols and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and low concentrations of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) has been demonstrated in several studies. In addition, cardiovascular risk has been related to specific serum enzymes such as glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) for causes of death worldwide.
Metabolism
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
There are major differences in the fuels metabolized by different tissues. The liver is the only organ capable of taking up most compounds and performing most conversions between fuels. Skeletal muscle oxidizes free fatty acids and ketone bodies for energy production. Glucose becomes an important fuel for skeletal muscle only during hyperglycaemia or local anaerobic conditions. Skeletal muscle releases amino acids (mainly alanine and glutamine) from protein during starvation. In contrast, the main fuels for cardiac muscle are free fatty acids, lactate and ketone bodies. Brain and nervous tissue use glucose as a chief source of energy normally, but during fasting, acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate may become important sources of energy. Adipose tissues store energy as fat and can convert glucose to triacylglycerols. Adipose tissues also accept triacylglycerols for storage. The breakdown of fat by adipose tissues to free fatty acids and free glycerol releases energy.
Evaluation of the toxicology, anti-lipase, and antioxidant effects of Callistemon citrinus in rats fed with a high fat-fructose diet
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Luis Gerardo Ortega-Pérez, Jonathan Saúl Piñón-Simental, Oliver Rafid Magaña-Rodríguez, Alejandro Lopéz-Mejía, Luis Alberto Ayala-Ruiz, Aram Josué García-Calderón, Daniel Godínez-Hernández, Patricia Rios-Chavez
Another group of 12 male Wistar rats, 10 weeks old with an average weight of 290 g, were randomly divided into 3 groups with four animals each. Plasma triacylglycerol was measured, with slight modification from a previous study (Kim et al. 2009). Rats were fasted for 10 h before 3 mL of lipid emulsion was orally administrated. Lipid emulsion containing 10 mL of corn oil, cholic acid (80 mg), 10 mL saline solution, and 5 mL of egg yolk as cholesterol substitute to determine fat absorption. Callistemon citrinus leaf extract and orlistat were administered by oral gavage (250 and 50 mg/kg, respectively). Blood samples were taken from the tail at 1, 2, and 3 h after the administration of the lipid emulsion. The triacylglycerol (TAG) level was determined using an Accutrend® Plus system – Roche Diagnostics.
Curcumin and blood lipid levels: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Farhad Saeedi, Tahereh Farkhondeh, Babak Roshanravan, Alireza Amirabadizadeh, Milad Ashrafizadeh, Saeed Samarghandian
Overall, fourteen studies evaluated the effect of curcumin on serum triglyceride levels (Yang et al.2014, Amin et al.2015, Mirzabeigi et al.2015, Jimenez-Osorio et al.2016, Kocher et al.2016, Panahi, Hosseini, et al. 2016, Panahi, Kianpour, et al.2016, Panahi et al.2017, Ferguson et al.2018, Javandoost et al.2018, MS 2018, Chashmniam et al.2019, Saadati et al.2019, Thota et al.2019). Five studies found that participants treated with curcumin had significantly lower plasma triglyceride levels than those treated with the placebo (Yang et al.2014, Mirzabeigi et al.2015, Panahi, Kianpour, et al.2016, MS 2018, Thota et al.2019), whereas no significant results were reported in six studies (Amin et al.2015, Jimenez-Osorio et al.2016, Panahi et al.2017, Ferguson et al.2018, Chashmniam et al.2019, Saadati et al.2019). There were different results in changes in blood triglyceride levels in the two intervention groups in one study. Curcumin consumption improved triglyceride levels, while no significant results were observed in the phospholipid curcumin group (Javandoost et al.2018). Another study evaluated the serum levels of triacylglycerols and reported no significant changes between the control and intervention groups (Kocher et al.2016). One study showed a significant correlation between serum adiponectin and leptin: adiponectin ratio with changes in triacylglycerol (Panahi, Hosseini, et al. 2016).
Allopurinol and valproic acid improve cardiac triglyceride and Na+-K+-ATPase activity independent of circulating aldosterone in female rats with glucose intolerance
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Tolulope E. Adegoke, Isiah W. Sabinari, Taofeek O. Usman, Toyyib O. Abdulkareem, Olugbenga S. Michael, Oluwaseun A. Adeyanju, Chinaza Dibia, Omotola O. Omotoye, Adewumi O. Oyabambi, Lawrence A. Olatunji
Similar to our previous study on OC steroids in this study did not affect cardiac weight (Olatunji et al.2017). Also, there was no significant differences in body weight gain across the groups. However, a significant increase in visceral fat mass was observed when compared to control. Visceral obesity irrespective of body weight status is a phenotype that underlies IR and associated diseases (Dong et al.2017). In this study, COC-treatment led to an increase in cardiac triacylglycerol level. Lipid accumulation in the heart has been implicated in human and animal models of cardiac hypertrophy. In IR state, expansion of visceral adipose tissue beyond its storage capacity causes an overflow of FFAs into circulation from where depositions occur in metabolic tissues particularly the heart (Yazıcı and Sezer 2017). Although FFAs is the major substrate for oxidative phosphorylation and ATP generation in cardiomyocytes, excess cardiac TG build up may pose a lipotoxic effect. Furthermore, there was an increase in plasma cardiac malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the COC-treated rats compared to control, an index of oxidative stress and/or lipid peroxidation.