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Introduction
Published in Margit Hamosh, Lingual and Gastric Lipases: Their Role in Fat Digestion, 2020
Glycerides and nonphosphorus-containing lipids which result from the esterification of glycerol and fatty acids (Figure 1). Three forms occur in nature. Triglycerides (neutral fat) are the most abundant lipids in animal tissue and serve as an important energy source. All three of the carbon molecules of glycerol are sterified with fatty acids. Monoglycerides and diglycerides are compounds resulting from ester links between glycerol and one or two fatty acids.
An Overview of the Biological Actions and Neuroendocrine Regulation of Growth Hormone
Published in George H. Gass, Harold M. Kaplan, Handbook of Endocrinology, 2020
Recent studies have clearly indicated an important role for growth hormone in the regulation of adipose tissue. Studies indicated that growth hormone reduces adipose tissue mass in several species,48,49 and studies by Rudman et al.50 demonstrated that growth hormone decreases adipose tissue in older men. The primary effects of growth hormone are to retard lipogenesis by decreasing enzyme activity. Hypophysectomized rats treated with ovine growth hormone for four days demonstrate a reduction in the lipid content of epididymal and omental adipose tissue as compared to nontreated hypophysectomized rats.51 Chronic administration of growth hormone results in inhibition of glyceride synthesis and decreased body fat content.52 In addition, acute growth hormone treatment of fed, intact or hypophysectomized rats decreases fatty acid synthesis in both carcass and liver. A similar effect is not observed in starved rats, because lipogenesis is inhibited in these animals.
Oils
Published in Heather A.E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Kenneth A. Walters, Cosmetic Formulation, 2019
Fabricio Almeida de Sousa, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva
Oils and fats are based on two simple building blocks: glycerol and fatty acids (Figure 10.1 ). Whilst there is only one form of glycerol, the fatty acid component can vary widely in structure and properties. Glycerol has three alcohol groups to which the fatty acids can be attached. The resulting products are monoglycerides (one fatty acid), diglycerides (two fatty acids) or triglycerides (three fatty acids). The fatty acids attached to the glycerol may or may not be identical, so a large number of different glycerides can be obtained from a limited number of building blocks.
Discovery of triterpenoids as potent dual inhibitors of pancreatic lipase and human carboxylesterase 1
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Jing Zhang, Qiu-Sha Pan, Xing-Kai Qian, Xiang-Lu Zhou, Ya-Jie Wang, Rong-Jing He, Le-Tian Wang, Yan-Ran Li, Hong Huo, Cheng-Gong Sun, Lei Sun, Li-Wei Zou, Ling Yang
As the key enzyme of triglyceride hydrolysis in the intestine, pancreatic lipase (PL) catalyses the hydrolysis of the ester bond of triacylglycerols to monoacylglycerols and fatty acids, and contributes to 50–70% hydrolysis of total dietary fats27,28. Inhibition of PL activity could restrain the hydrolysis of dietary glycerides in food, so as to reduce the subsequent absorption of free fatty acids and monoacylglycerols. Therefore, PL has become a promising target for the adjuvant treatment of obesity and hypertriglyceridaemia29,30. In addition, inhibiting the activity of hCES1A could display multiple beneficial effects in both lipid and glucose homeostasis in genetic and diet-induced mouse models of obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes18. Thus, the discovery of potent dual-target inhibitors based on hCES1A and PL hold great potential for the development of remedies for treating related metabolic diseases such as hypertriglyceridaemia and obesity. However, the development of dual target inhibitors of hCES1A and PL is still in the blank stage.
Development of self-microemulsifying lipid-based formulations of trans-resveratrol by systematically constructing lipid-surfactant-water phase diagrams using long-chain lipids
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
Carolina Aloisio, Ankita V. Shah, Marcela Longhi, Abu T. M. Serajuddin
For the development of cosolvent-free SMEDDS containing cod liver oil as the LC lipid, we have adopted the approach previously reported from our laboratory for MC lipids, where mixtures of triglyceride and monoglyceride were used as lipids in combination with surfactants to enable self-emulsification and the formation of microemulsion in contact with aqueous media [28–30]. In the present investigation, glycerol monooleate was used as the monoglyceride component of the formulation, and it was considered to be a lipid along with the triglyceride (cod liver oil) as it is also a glyceride of LC fatty acid that is insoluble in water. PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil (Kolliphor RH 40), polysorbate 80 (Tween 80) or their mixtures were used as surfactants; the combination of surfactants was tried as it was previously reported that the mixtures of surfactants may have better performance in the formation of microemulsions than the surfactants alone [31]. Phase diagrams were systematically developed to identify suitable self-emulsifying compositions that would lead to the formation of microemulsion, and the final SMEDDS formulations were selected based on drug solubility in the preconcentrate (i.e. before the dilution with aqueous media). Dispersion test and globule size determination were performed to ensure that microemulsions were formed.
Bortezomib-loaded lipidic-nano drug delivery systems; formulation, therapeutic efficacy, and pharmacokinetics
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2021
Mohammad Mahmoudian, Hadi Valizadeh, Raimar Löbenberg, Parvin Zakeri-Milani
The lipid matrix of these NPs is biocompatible and degradable, which is solid at room temperature and at body temperature. Various types of lipids are used to fabricate SLNs including (Manjunath et al. 2005, Doktorovova et al.2017):Triglycerides; glyceryl tristearate (Tristearin), glyceryl tripalmitate (Tripalmitin), glyceryl trilaurate (Trilaurin), glyceryl trimirystate (Trimyristin), etc.Waxes; cetyl palmitate, beeswax, etc.Partial glycerides; glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl monooleate, glyceryl palmitostearate, etc.Fatty alcohols; cetyl Alcohol, stearyl alcohol, etc.Fatty acids; palmitic acid, stearic acid, stearic acid, etc.