China 
Africa 
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Science Behind Maca: A Traditional Crop from the Central Andes
Published in Raj K. Keservani, Anil K. Sharma, Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Nutraceuticals and Dietary Supplements, 2020
Gustavo F. Gonzales, Cinthya Vasquez-Velasquez, Dulce Esperanza Alarcón-Yaquetto
The functional primary role for copper is catalytic, with many copper metalloenzymes acting as oxidases to achieve the reduction of molecular oxygen. The recommended dietary allowance for adults is 900 µg/day (Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on Micronutrients, 2001). High consumption of copper may produce liver damage. In maca from China, copper content amounted up to 31,000 µg/kg dw, whereas it was absent in Peruvian maca.
Community-Based Methods for Preventing Dental Caries and Periodontal Disease
Published in Lars Granath, William D. McHugh, Systematized Prevention of Oral Disease: Theory and Practice, 2019
Fluoride supplements, usually as tablets, lozenges, or drops, are recommended in communities where the drinking water is deficient in fluoride. Daily ingestion of fluoride supplements from shortly after birth until at least age 13 has been reported from several countries to provide protection against dental caries of approximately the same magnitude as derived from the consumption of fluoridated water, that is about a 50 to 60% lower prevalence of dental caries.10,21,101 Fluoride supplements confer systemic benefit to unerupted developing teeth as well as topical benefits to teeth already in the mouth. The regimen for fluoride supplements recommended by the American Dental Association’s Council on Dental Therapeutics2 and the American Academy of Pediatrics1 is shown in Table 1. Similar guidelines, with slight variations, exist in other countries. The regimens have evolved over the years as the results of more research studies become available, though they still represent best estimates rather than precisely defined quantities. (The same of course is true for such guidelines as the Recommended Dietary Allowances for vitamins and minerals.)
Trace Metals in Growth and Sexual Maturation
Published in Owen M. Rennert, Wai-Yee Chan, Metabolism of Trace Metals in Man, 2017
A semipurified diet based on texturized soy protein (purchased from General Mills Company, Minneapolis, Minn. (Bontrae Products) and Worthington Foods Company, Division of Miles Laboratory, Elkhart, Ind. was developed for this study.73 The diet supplied adequate calories, protein, and all essential vitamins and minerals except zinc, according to recommended dietary allowances (RDA). The RDA for zinc is 15 mg for adult males who consume animal protein mainly. Our subjects received 2.7 to 5.0 mg of dietary zinc daily while consuming soy protein diet.
Nutrients in prevention, treatment, and management of viral infections; special focus on Coronavirus
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
Fatemeh BourBour, Samaneh Mirzaei Dahka, Maryam Gholamalizadeh, Mohammad Esmail Akbari, Mahdi Shadnoush, Mohammad Haghighi, Hamidreza Taghvaye-Masoumi, Narjes Ashoori, Saied Doaei
This review indicated that some nutrients including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium have important effects on the immune system (Figure 2). These nutrients increase the body’s ability to coping with viral infections. High doses of vitamins and minerals do not yet have a proven protective effect in prevention of infectious diseases in healthy people. However, supplementation according to the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) is recommended for most of healthy people who do not have sufficient intake of nutrient rich sources. On the other hand, some studies demonstrated that supplementation with these nutrients can significantly improve the health-related outcomes in patients with COVID-19.
The Effect of Multi-Vitamin/Multi-Mineral Supplementation on Nutritional Status in Older Adults Receiving Drug Therapies: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2022
Oliver Chen, Gail T. Rogers, Diane L. McKay, Kevin C. Maki, Jeffrey B. Blumberg
Polypharmacy regimens are common among older patients and may augment the potential for adverse drug-induced declines in nutrient status (Jyrkkä et al. 2011; Schilp et al. 2011; Gil-Montoya et al. 2013; Fávaro-Moreira et al. 2016). However, evidence on the benefit of nutrient supplementation in this population is limited even though use of dietary supplements to help meet Recommended Dietary Allowances have been well appreciated (Bailey et al. 2013; Bird et al. 2017). Thus, we hypothesized that a multivitamin-multi-mineral supplement (MVMS) could improve nutritional status in older patients taking a combination of diuretics, metformin, and/or PPIs. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a randomized, double-blind clinical trial to determine the extent by which MVMS would increase the plasma or serum status of thiamin (vitamin B1), folate, B12 and C and the minerals calcium, copper, magnesium and zinc.
Toxicological evaluation of ergocalciferol, cholecalciferol, and their metabolites by a category approach
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2021
Gulcin Tugcu, Mohammad Charehsaz, Ahmet Aydın
There are insufficient toxicity data on vitamin D2, vitamin D3, and their metabolites. However, available data on compounds within the constructed category could be used to predict these endpoints. Based on the current existing data, vitamin D and the metabolites do not present a concern for genotoxicity. Additionally, there is no indication for skin sensitization. Carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, developmental, and reproductive toxicity data on the studied compounds are insufficient to assert them as toxic. While the recommended dietary allowance for human is 15 µg/day, the tolerable upper intake level is reported to be 100 µg/day (Ross et al.2010). Hence, the compounds under study do not pose a health risk from the perspective of risk assessment. The untested vitamin D analogs within this category (calciferol, ercalcidiol, ercalcitriol, calciol, calcidiol, and calcitriol) can be read across to complete the data gaps for the toxicological endpoints. The experiments performed in the cited literature works are not intended for children and infants. Therefore, our conclusions are applicable to adults, and we cannot comment on the toxicity of this compounds on children and infants.