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Characterization of Phyto-Constituents
Published in Rohit Dutt, Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Vandana Garg, Promising Drug Molecules of Natural Origin, 2020
Himangini, Faizana Fayaz, Anjali
From the plant Saponaria vaccaria, the word saponin is taken, which was once utilized as soap. They comprise of polycyclic aglycones joined to at least one sugar side chains. The frothing capacity of saponins is because of the blend of a hydrophobic (fat solvent) sapogenin and a hydrophilic (water dissolvable) sugar part, which upon hydrolyzis produces aglycone, “sapogenin.” There are two kinds of sapogenin: steroidal and triterpenoidal. Saponins are highly poisonous, causing hemolysis of blood and are very well known as cattle poisoning agents (Akinpelu et al., 2012). They have a severe and bitter taste and it also causes irritation on the mucous membrane. The most significant saponin drugs are quillaia and senega. Commercial saponins are obtained essentially from the plant Yucca schidigera and Quillaja saponaria. Yucca and Quillaja Saponins are utilized in beer industries, to create stable froth. A few saponins are dangerous and are known as sapotoxin. Studies have outlined the helpful impacts of saponins on blood cholesterol levels, bone conditioning, tumor, and as an immune booster. They have been widely utilized in cosmetic industries like cream, shampoos, and facial cleansers as a result of their cleanser properties.
Adjuvants
Published in F. Y. Liew, Vaccination Strategies of Tropical Diseases, 2017
Saponins are triterpene glycosides of plant origin, and those employed as adjuvants are extracted from the South American tree Quillaia saponaria (Figure 1C). The triterpene ring structure is lipophilic and the sugars are hydrophilic, causing the molecule to be surface active, a property which is exploited in the soft drink industry by including saponin as a foaming agent. Saponin binds to cholesterol in cell membranes and this, together with its surface activity, is responsible for its powerful hemolytic effect. There is evidence that the adjuvant effect of saponin is mediated by binding to cholesterol on host cells, since it can be blocked by adding liposomes containing cholesterol to the injection mixture.43
Progress in the development of virus-like particle vaccines against respiratory viruses
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2020
Fu-Shi Quan, Swarnendu Basak, Ki-Back Chu, Sung Soo Kim, Sang-Moo Kang
Different adjuvants were tested in the influenza vaccination with M2e epitopes, which include Freund’s adjuvant, monophosphoryl lipid A, cholera toxin subunits, heat-labile endotoxin, flagellin, and profilin, providing certain levels of broader and enhanced cross-protection [71–78]. ISCOMATRIX is composed of purified fractions of Quillaia saponaria extract, cholesterol, and phospholipid [79] and was tested with influenza VLP vaccine [80]. A/Anhui/1/2013 (H7N9) based HA-NA-M1 VLP vaccine with ISCOMATRIX adjuvant was shown to induce 3-4-fold higher levels of serum HAI and NA antibody titers and to provide better protection in mice against heterosubtypic A/Shanghai/1/2013 (H7H9), A/Chicken/Jalisco/CPA/2012 (H7N3) virus and heterologous A/Indonesia/05/2005 (H5N1) virus, compared to HA-NA-M1 VLP only vaccination [81].
Investigation of the combination of anti-PD-L1 mAb with HER2/neu-loaded dendritic cells and QS-21 saponin adjuvant: effect against HER2 positive breast cancer in mice
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2020
Cenk Serhan Özverel, Yiğit Uyanikgil, İsmail Karaboz, Ayse Nalbantsoy
As a saponin adjuvant, QS-21 purified from Quillaia saponaria enhances Th1-like cellular immune responses. In addition, previous studies have shown that QS-21 promotes CD8+ T-cell responses. The company GlaksoSmithKline (GSK) develops different adjuvant systems against various diseases. QS-21 containing adjuvants such as AS01, AS02, and AS15 adjuvant systems are currently being tested in human clinical trials for various vaccine candidates, including cancer vaccine [38,39]. The efficacy of QS-21 in different vaccine combinations tested is remarkable with its effect on the immune system and the reduction in tumor sizes.