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The Journey through the Gene: a Focus on Plant Anti-pathogenic Agents Mining in the Omics Era
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
José Ribamar Costa Ferreira-Neto, Éderson Akio Kido, Flávia Figueira Aburjaile, Manassés Daniel da Silva, Marislane Carvalho Paz de Souza, Ana Maria Benko-Iseppon
Saponins have been reported in more than 100 plant families (Kregiel et al. 2017). They are observed in seeds, roots, leaves and flowers (Kregiel et al. 2017). The primary sources of saponins in the human diet are legumes, mainly broad beans, kidney beans and lentils (Lásztity et al. 1998). The main plant sources are soap bark tree (Quillaja saponaria; Fig. 1.2), mojave yucca (Yucca schidigera) and ginseng (Panax species), among others which are concerned with medicinal use.
Vaccine Adjuvants in Immunotoxicology
Published in Mesut Karahan, Synthetic Peptide Vaccine Models, 2021
The saponin type obtained from Chilean soapbark tree (Quillaja saponaria Molina) shows strong adjuvant properties such as Quil A and its derivatives QS-21 (Sun, Xie, and Ye 2009; Ragupathi et al. 2010). They usually lead to immune cell proliferation and increased antibody production. There are studies showing that Quillaja saponins have mitogenic effects and cause T and B cell proliferation in this way. Although they have been used successfully in animal vaccines for a long time, they are highly toxic for humans. Besides forming severe local reactions and granulomas, they affect cholesterol in erythrocyte membrane and cause severe hemolysis. All Quillaja saponins are not still suitable for use in humans due to their high toxicity, hemolytic effects, and instable chemical structure (Yurdakök and İnce 2008; Ivanov et al. 2020).
Characterization of Phyto-Constituents
Published in Rohit Dutt, Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Vandana Garg, Promising Drug Molecules of Natural Origin, 2020
Himangini, Faizana Fayaz, Anjali
From the plant Saponaria vaccaria, the word saponin is taken, which was once utilized as soap. They comprise of polycyclic aglycones joined to at least one sugar side chains. The frothing capacity of saponins is because of the blend of a hydrophobic (fat solvent) sapogenin and a hydrophilic (water dissolvable) sugar part, which upon hydrolyzis produces aglycone, “sapogenin.” There are two kinds of sapogenin: steroidal and triterpenoidal. Saponins are highly poisonous, causing hemolysis of blood and are very well known as cattle poisoning agents (Akinpelu et al., 2012). They have a severe and bitter taste and it also causes irritation on the mucous membrane. The most significant saponin drugs are quillaia and senega. Commercial saponins are obtained essentially from the plant Yucca schidigera and Quillaja saponaria. Yucca and Quillaja Saponins are utilized in beer industries, to create stable froth. A few saponins are dangerous and are known as sapotoxin. Studies have outlined the helpful impacts of saponins on blood cholesterol levels, bone conditioning, tumor, and as an immune booster. They have been widely utilized in cosmetic industries like cream, shampoos, and facial cleansers as a result of their cleanser properties.
Evaluation of immunological adjuvant activities of saponin rich fraction from the fruits of Asparagus adscendens Roxb. with less adverse reactions
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Rahul Singh, Rinku Sharma, Rajat Varshney, Gorakh Mal, Mayukh Ghosh, Birbal Singh
Evidently, the quest for novel, safe and efficacious adjuvants continues in the human and animal vaccines domain. The resource limitation and ecological distortion due to overexploitation of Quillaja saponaria bark accentuate the exploration of new plant-derived saponin resources and to testify adjuvant potential of extracted saponin for safe use. The saponins-rich fraction (SRF) from Sapindus mukorossi seed coat, Silene vulgaris Garcke whole plant, Chlorophytum borivilianum, Pulsatilla chinensis roots, Anemone raddeana, Quillaja brasiliensis leaves, and Asparagus racemosus roots as alternative resources already has been tested (Sun et al. 2008, Silveira et al. 2011, Tiwari et al. 2017, Singh et al. 2022).
Carbohydrate-containing nanoparticles as vaccine adjuvants
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2021
Xinyuan Zhang, Zhigang Zhang, Ningshao Xia, Qinjian Zhao
The potent adjuvanticity of saponins has been known for decades [67]. Saponin-containing NPs have been evaluated in different vaccines and exhibit powerful adjuvanticity [68]. Several saponin-containing vaccines have been approved for marketing (Table 2) [69,70]. Saponins extensively exist in terrestrial higher plants comprising lipophilic steroidal or triterpene aglycones linked to hydrophilic carbohydrate chains [67,71,72]. Triterpene saponins derived from the bark of the tree Quillaja saponaria are known for their potent adjuvant effects. Quil A, the most widely studied extraction from this source, comprises heterogeneous mixtures of structurally related saponins [67]. QS-21 is one of the saponin fractions purified from Quil A, which has potent adjuvanticity with low toxicity among all fractions [16,73]. Efforts on formulation optimization were aimed at reducing the hemolytic activity of the saponins from Quil A [68]. Nanoparticulate adjuvants with QS-21 or other Quil A fractions exhibited good safety profiles and are used in different licensed or test vaccines.
Insecticidal activities of Parthenium hysterophorus L. extract and parthenin against diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) and aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2018
S. G. Eswara Reddy, Shudh Kirti Dolma, Praveen Kumar Verma, Bikram Singh
In our study, parthenin showed promising toxicity to A. craccivora as compared to PH extract. Due to non-availability of literature in parthenin against aphid, the plant extracts/compounds of other plants were discussed. This study support the findings of Geyter et al. (2012) who described the saponin isolated from Quillaja saponaria Molina showed toxicity (LC50 = 0.55 mg mL−1) to Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris). In a similar experiment, saponins isolated from alfalfa caused 100% mortality of Empoasca fabae Harris within 2 d (Horber et al., 1974). In another study, ageraphorone (2 mg mL−1) isolated from petroleum ether extract of Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng reported 73% mortality to Pseudoregma bambucicola (Takahashi) in the laboratory and 77% mortality in the field (Nong et al., 2015).