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Medical theory, medical care, and preventive medicine
Published in Lois N. Magner, Oliver J. Kim, A History of Medicine, 2017
Since the 1950s, with some horrendous famine-related exceptions, serious malnutrition has declined dramatically. Every silver lining must, of course, come with its own dark cloud. Disorders like diabetes, heart disease, and obesity, once associated with affluent, industrialized countries, have emerged as major problems throughout the world. Since the 1960s, per-capita consumption of meat and sugar has more than doubled in the developing world. These changes have been called the “nutrition transition,” the shift away from undernutrition to new patterns of obesity and diseases related to the consumption of high levels of fat, sugar, and salt. Although there is general agreement about the importance of nutrition for good health, physicians and researchers remain cautious when confronted with claims that the diet-disease connection provides an immediate panacea for cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes, and other chronic degenerative diseases.
Fetal Origins of Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease, and Type 2 Diabetes
Published in Crystal D. Karakochuk, Kyly C. Whitfield, Tim J. Green, Klaus Kraemer, The Biology of the First 1,000 Days, 2017
Herculina Salome Kruger, Naomi S. Levitt
Epidemiological findings of associations between birth weight and later health outcomes provide evidence of programming of noncommunicable disease in humans. Experimental animal evidence also shows that in utero environmental stressors produce lifelong alterations in metabolism and pathology. These implications are important for developing countries undergoing a transition from infectious disease to noncommunicable disease burdens, as well as the nutrition transition from an active, low-calorie lifestyle to a sedentary, high-calorie lifestyle occurring globally [47]. Available data indicate that a lower birth weight combined with later higher attained BMI confers the highest risk for obesity and cardiovascular disease later in life [6,14,15,17]. Successive generations in developing countries are likely to have increasing proportions with a high cardiometabolic risk profile. Efforts to prevent the development of obesity in areas undergoing such epidemiological, economic, and nutrition transitions are paramount.
Incorporating Nutrition into the Primary Care Practice
Published in David Heber, Zhaoping Li, Primary Care Nutrition, 2017
One of the most striking examples of this global shift is Mexico (Figure 1.1) (Romieu et al. 1997). Mexico has documented an increase in obesity in urban areas and continued malnutrition in some rural areas (Chávez et al. 1993). The Global Nutrition Transition is marked by the prevalence of overweight and obesity surpassing malnutrition and an increase in deaths from noncommunicable chronic diseases (NCDs) in low- and middle-income countries (Chávez et al. 1993; Popkin 2004; Caballero 2005; Doak and Popkin 2008). The nutrition transition often precedes or occurs in tandem with demographic, epidemiological, and socioeconomic changes resulting from globalization, urbanization, and development (Popkin and Gordon-Larsen 2004; Omran 2005; Satia 2010). For example, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, and the Dominican Republic are considered to be advancing in the nutrition transition because, since 2000, these countries have had an increasing prevalence of obesity, increased proportion of dietary intake from fat, reduced prevalence of infant mortality and stunting, and increasing mortality from NCDs (Albala et al. 2001; Uauy et al. 2001; Ford and Mokdad 2008; Barquera et al. 2009, 2013; Bonvecchio et al. 2009; Abrahams et al. 2011; Rojas-Martínez et al. 2012).
Prevalence of malnutrition among Samoan children aged 5 to 11 years in 2019–2020
Published in Annals of Human Biology, 2023
Courtney C. Choy, Vaimoana Filipo Lupematasila, Maria Siulepa Arorae, Faatali Tafunaina, Folla Unasa, Christina Soti-Ulberg, Muagututia S. Reupena, Rachel L. Duckham, Kima Faasalele-Savusa, Take Naseri, Nicola L. Hawley
Young children with malnutrition begin their lives with marked disadvantages: they face developmental delays and experience adverse health outcomes that may lead to learning difficulties in school and lesser earning potential as adults (UNICEF, WHO, & World Bank 2021). At one end of the malnutrition spectrum, overweight/obesity during childhood can increase the risk of obesity and premature development of non-communicable, cardiometabolic diseases in adolescence and adulthood (Dietz 1998). On the other, undernutrition, both in protein-energy and micronutrients, increases the severity of illness and symptoms of infection, like diarrhoea (Black et al. 2008). Children are particularly vulnerable to the double burden of overweight/obesity and undernutrition because of nutritional transitions (Black et al. 2017; Britto et al. 2017). Coinciding with rapid economic development and epidemiological transitions towards an increasing prevalence of non-communicable diseases, nutrition transition involves shifts in dietary patterns towards increasing energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods, alongside more sedentary lifestyles (Doak et al. 2005; Wells et al. 2020).
Does trans fatty acid affect low birth weight? A randomised controlled trial
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Seideh Hanieh Alamolhoda, Golaleh Asghari, Parvaneh Mirabi
Nowadays, due to increased consumption of trans fatty acids (TFAs), intake of this group of fats and its impact on the health of individuals, especially pregnant women have been considered (Eijsden et al. 2008; Mirabi et al 2017). The nutrition transition worldwide is taking place in the context of rapid lifestyles change, urbanisation and social development which causes malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies that still dominate the public health nutrition agenda (Ghassemi et al. 2002). During the nutrition transition, people consume more fast foods, bakery products, and high-fat dairy products that are the main sources of TFAs (Ascherio et al. 1999; Uauy et al. 2001). Some cohort and case-control studies found the adverse potential of TFAs on LBW (Olsen et al. 1995; Elias and Innis 2001; Grandjean et al. 2001; Lucas et al. 2004; Makrides et al. 2006; Szajewska et al. 2006). To the best of our knowledge, no study has been conducted to investigate the effect of daily TFAs intake on LBW. Therefore, the aim of this randomised controlled trial was to examine the effect of low TFA dietary patterns on the development of LBW.
Screening for overweight using mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) among children younger than two years in the Eastern Cape, South Africa
Published in South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2022
Shawn McLaren, Liana Steenkamp, H David McCarthy, Alexandra Rutishauser-Perera
Major changes to the diet as a result of the nutrition transition include increased consumption of refined carbohydrates, added sweeteners, edible oils and animal source foods. These dietary patterns can result in higher rates in overweight and obesity in both children and adults. In Southern African countries, it has been estimated that 72% of people are not meeting the recommendations for vegetable and fruit consumption.6 Furthermore, while the rate of initiation of breastfeeding is high in South Arica, the exclusive breastfeeding rate declines rapidly.7 Early introduction of foods and liquids other than breast milk before the age of six months is common7 and may be associated with overweight and obesity later in life.8 High-sugar fruit juices are being introduced to infants from six months of age.9 A large proportion of South African infants are consuming foods such as processed meats and crisps on a daily basis by the time they are 12 months old. These less healthy foods are rapidly becoming more affordable, accessible and acceptable to all populations in South Africa, including rural and informal settlements.10 The effects of these shifts in dietary patterns are already being observed, with as many as 10% of infants overweight at six months of age.11