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The dietary requirements of infants
Published in Claire Tuck, Complementary Feeding, 2022
Iodine intakes are below the UK RNI for 11- to 18-year-old girls but above the UK RNI for young children.94 Cow’s milk intake has decreased in the United Kingdom, low cow’s milk intake being an indicator of lower urinary iodine levels.186 In addition, the availability of iodised salt is limited in the United Kingdom,187 making up <5% of all salt consumed.188
Cardiovascular Risk Factors
Published in Nicole M. Farmer, Andres Victor Ardisson Korat, Cooking for Health and Disease Prevention, 2022
Despite the trace amounts of beneficial micronutrients in sea salt, there may be biological effects of sea salt and iodized salt to consider. In mouse models, mice given iodized salt had an increase in the incidence of obesity when compared to mice given naturally manufactured salt. Conversely, sea salt has been previously reported to help prevent obesity in high-fat diet-induced obese mice (Ju et al., 2016). Park et al. found a significant decrease in body weight in a group of mice fed a high-fat diet and given cube sea salt versus iodized (NaCl) salt after 12–16 weeks. Furthermore, the high-fat diet and iodized salt group had more accumulated lipid droplets and increased number of liver inflammatory cells than the cube seal salt group (Park et al., 2020). It is important to note that these studies provide interesting hypotheses about the role of iodine in obesity. However, to date, these findings are reported in mouse models, and the effects of sea salt and iodized salt on body weight in humans remain to be determined.
Optimal Nutrition for Women
Published in Michelle Tollefson, Nancy Eriksen, Neha Pathak, Improving Women's Health Across the Lifespan, 2021
Kayli Anderson, Kaitlyn Pauly, Debra Shapiro, Vera Dubovoy
Plant-exclusive diets can be low in iodine, with 63% of female vegans having low iodine.127 Sea vegetables like nori, wakame, arame, kelp, and kombu contain iodine. Their iodine content, however, can be somewhat unreliable with the risk of toxicity. In the early 20th century in the United States, iodine deficiency was a common issue, so iodine was added to some table salts, called iodized salt. Women can meet needs with a varied plant-based diet plus just a 1/4 teaspoon of iodized salt a day, which contains about half of the recommended daily iodine intake and equates to just 580 mg of sodium. If a woman is avoiding salt, iodine needs can be met by consuming seaweed a few times per week or by taking an iodine supplement.128
Iodine status of pregnant women and children age 6 to 12 years feeding from the same food basket in Mopani district, Limpopo province, South Africa
Published in South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2019
E Mabasa, NS Mabapa, PL Jooste, XG Mbhenyane
In conclusion, the median UIC of 164 μg/l obtained in this study of pregnant women indicates a sufficient iodine intake in Mopani district. The median UIC (386 μg/l) of school-aged children, however, is twice that of pregnant women and indicates excessive iodine intake for the sub-sample of mother–child pairs. Children tend to consume disproportionately more iodine from various food items at school and from spaza shops. More studies looking at the analysis of food eaten by SAC should be conducted to determine various iodine sources that these children are exposed to, including iodine from drinking water. The pregnant women in this study were unaware of iodised salt and its dietary sources. Almost half the household salt used was found to be insufficiently iodised as per national programme requirements in South Africa. Further studies that focus on monitoring of iodine status in pregnant women and SAC are required.
Investigational drugs in early stage clinical trials for thyrotoxicosis with hyperthyroidism
Published in Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 2018
Dietary iodine intake has been suggested to affect the efficacy of treatment with antithyroid drugs and some studies revealed that excessive iodine intake reduced the efficacy of this treatment and increased recurrence rate. In a prospective randomized trial of newly diagnosed patients with Graves´ disease, the iodine-supplemented group included 203 patients, and the iodine-restricted group included 202 patients. Patients in the iodine-supplemented group were given about 10 g of iodized salt every day, while the iodine-restricted group received noniodized salt with low-iodine or non-iodine diet and the intervention lasted for 24 months. Within 12 months of withdrawal of treatment, the total recurrence rate in the iodine-supplemented group was 35.5%, significantly lower than in the iodine-restricted group, which was 45.5%. Optimal dietary iodine supplementation during antithyroid drug therapy for Graves’ disease is associated with lower recurrence rates than those patients with iodine restriction, and therefore, diet control with strict iodine restriction might be an adverse factor in the management of Graves´ disease. TRAbs that showed lower concentrations in the iodine-supplemented group may contribute to the lower recurrence rate in this group [36]. This study is registered with National Natural Science Foundation of China (81370886).
Insulin resistance is associated with larger thyroid volume in adults with type 1 diabetes independently from presence of thyroid autoimmunity
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 2018
Anita Rogowicz-Frontczak, Stanislaw Pilacinski, Anna Teresa Chwialkowska, Dariusz Naskret, Dorota Zozulinska-Ziolkiewicz
This study is the first description of the increased thyroid volume in subjects with T1DM with insulin resistance. Possible limitations of this study include relatively small sample size and insufficient control of all factors that may affect thyroid volume. Thyroid volume has been associated with multiple factors such as age, gender, BMI, body surface, iodine supply and deficiency, TSH level, smoking and genetic factors [36]. Iodine remains the major environmental risk factor of goiter. The people who were recruited to our study come from the western region of Poland. This region has had iodized salt since 1989 (not obligatory) and obligatory since 1997. Proper iodine supply in this region has been confirmed by the measurement of iodine concentration in the urine since then. Our research population is relatively young with a median age of 29 years, which minimizes the effects of iodine [37]. Genetic factors and a number of non-iodine factors play a role in the etiology of goiter. Among the non-genetic factors, environmental pollutants, selenium deficiency and tobacco smoking can also be considered [36]. In addition, we cannot observe the correlation between nodular goiter and IR in a relatively young T1DM population as the higher incidence of thyroid nodules is observed in the older population (over 40 years) [38].