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The Initial Metabolic Medicine Hospital Consult
Published in Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson, Optimizing Metabolic Status for the Hospitalized Patient, 2023
Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson
The stages of micronutrient deficiencies are generally subclinical when they appear in lab results but have no detectable physical manifestation. Some clinicians will designate such conditions as mild or moderate based on the degree of laboratory abnormality. On the other hand, a micronutrient deficiency that produces physical findings is generally labeled as severe. This is because a vitamin or mineral depletion that is far enough along to result in a physical manifestation can produce serious harm. In fact, a review of the historical record makes it clear that such deficiencies were often fatal in the past (see Chapter 3).
Assessment – Nutrition-Focused Physical Exam to Detect Micronutrient Deficiencies
Published in Jennifer Doley, Mary J. Marian, Adult Malnutrition, 2023
The tongue should appear moist and pink in color. Glossitis is an inflammation of the tongue which causes it to swell and become magenta in color (see Figure 7.6). Deficiencies in several micronutrients may lead to glossitis, including vitamins B2, B3, B6, B12, folate and/or iron.4,8 Several non-nutrient causes include Crohn’s disease, uremia, infection, malignancy, chemotherapy, or trauma.5,6 In atrophic glossitis, caused by atrophied filiform papillae, the tongue has a glossy, smooth appearance with partial to complete absence of papillae (see Figure 7.7). Potential micronutrient deficiencies include vitamins B12, B2, B3 and folate, as well as iron.7
Diet and health
Published in Sally Robinson, Priorities for Health Promotion and Public Health, 2021
Micronutrients comprise vitamins and minerals. These are essential in small quantities to maintain health. Vitamins are either water-soluble or fat-soluble. We need to eat the water-soluble vitamins B and C daily, as they cannot be stored in the body. Fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K can be stored in the body and therefore eating excess quantities can be toxic. Minerals include calcium, magnesium, iron, sodium, chloride, zinc, copper, selenium, manganese, chromium and iodine.
The relationship between serum zinc levels and myopia
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2021
Niamh Burke, John S Butler, Ian Flitcroft, James Loughman
Micronutrient status is influenced by a plethora of factors. Differences in trace element concentration could result from soil, geographical location, food preparation, ethnic differences in body composition, genetics, cultural practices and even seasonal variation.35 In this study, all serum zinc measurements were found to be within the normal range, and mean serum zinc levels of participants was higher than in other study populations, as measured by the same or different methods.36,37 Previous studies have suggested that Koreans have a poorer zinc status when compared to Western countries. A study which looked at dietary zinc intake and serum zinc status of Koreans living in rural, urban and metropolitan areas of South Korea, reported zinc intakes lower than the Korean recommended daily allowance; it was also suggested that marginal zinc deficiency may be prevalent.38 However, interestingly, within each region plasma serum zinc measurements were within normal ranges (70–150-mg/l).38 Another observational study examined the bioavailable zinc intake in 841 Korean adults; similar results were described, with below normative zinc intake in 62 per cent of males and 50 per cent of females.20 These data demonstrate a discrepancy between dietary and serum zinc measures.
Effect of Antioxidant Supplementation on Total Antioxidant Status in Indian Children with Type 1 Diabetes
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2019
Lavanya Parthasarathy, Vaman Khadilkar, Shashi Chiplonkar, Anuradha Khadilkar
Results from our earlier study indicate that multiple dietary micronutrient deficiencies are observed in children with diabetes (Parthasarathy et al., 2015). Addition to the everyday diet of foods made from locally available micronutrient-rich ingredients may help to enhance micronutrient intakes. We thus undertook a randomized controlled trial in children with diabetes to test the hypothesis that children who received a diet modified to increase micronutrient intakes would have a better antioxidant status, as measured by the total antioxidant status, than children receiving a pharmacological supplement or standard care. Hence, the specific objectives of the current study were to (1) cross-sectionally assess the antioxidant status of children with type 1 diabetes as measured by total antioxidant status in comparison with healthy controls and (2) compare the effect of 3 months of supplementation with recipes rich in micronutrients to the effect of pharmacological supplementation on total antioxidant status in five 16-year-old Indian children with diabetes.
Nutritional status and food intake of women residing in rural and urban areas of Lesotho
Published in South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2019
Marinel Rothman, Mamotsemai Ranneileng, Riette Nel, Corinna Walsh
With regard to micronutrient intake, the maize that is imported from South Africa (commercial maize) is fortified, contributing to the intake of micronutrients, especially B-vitamins,24 while the maize that is eaten more often in rural areas is ground at mills in Lesotho and not fortified. Micronutrient intake has important implications for human health.25 The intake of food items rich in iron was lacking in the diet of both rural and urban study participants. A recent systematic review including women of reproductive age residing in Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa showed that inadequate intake of iron is associated with a higher prevalence of anaemia and iron deficiency.26 However, most rural participants used a cast-iron pot for food preparation, which is likely to contribute to iron intake.27 Sources of calcium such as milk and milk products were lacking in the diets of rural communities, which may have contributed to an increased risk of osteoporosis.28