China
Africa
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Trace Mineral Deficiencies – Diagnosis and Treatment
Published in Jennifer Doley, Mary J. Marian, Adult Malnutrition, 2023
Kavitha Krishnan, Julianne Werner
Worldwide, about two billion people are iodine-deficient and 2.5% of this population have clinical manifestations of iodine deficiency.50 Iodine deficiency most commonly occurs as a result of consuming a diet insufficient in iodine. The iodine content of plant foods is influenced by the iodine concentration of the soil in which the food is grown. Bread, milk, saltwater fish, and seafood are dietary sources of iodine;51 however, the primary source in many countries is iodized salt.12,52 People who do not consume iodized salt and live in regions with poor soil iodine concentration, as well as those who follow a vegan diet, are at an increased risk of iodine deficiency.51 Consumption of goitrogenic foods, such as soy, cassava, and cruciferous vegetables, also increases the risk for iodine deficiency.53 Use of anti-thyroid medications and other changes in thyroid hormone metabolism can also increase deficiency risk.2,54 For example, iron and selenium deficiency may increase risk as these minerals are necessary for the production of thyroid hormone.55 Pregnant and lactating women may produce anti-thyroid autoantibodies, and have increased glomerular filtration which increases urinary iodine excretion.55
Data and Picture Interpretation Stations: Cases 1–45
Published in Peter Kullar, Joseph Manjaly, Livy Kenyon, Joseph Manjaly, Peter Kullar, Joseph Manjaly, Peter Kullar, ENT OSCEs, 2023
Peter Kullar, Joseph Manjaly, Livy Kenyon, Joseph Manjaly, Peter Kullar, Joseph Manjaly, Peter Kullar
Hypothyroidism results from low levels of thyroid hormone. The most common cause of hypothyroidism in the UK is Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Iodine deficiency remains an important cause in some geographic regions. Other causes include drugs e.g. amiodarone, radiotherapy, thyroid surgery and pituitary disease.
Fat
Published in Christopher Cumo, Ancestral Diets and Nutrition, 2020
This situation leaves iodine—whose content Table 10.5 lists for eight foods—as the test case. Governments worldwide urge adults to ingest 150 to 200 micrograms daily.178 Pregnant and lactating women should exceed this range. The issue, therefore, is whether 660–825 calories allow intake of at least 150 micrograms of iodine daily, leaving aside pregnant and lactating women. This exercise is not abstract; in 2017, the WHO judged iodine intake insufficient for 2 billion of the world’s 7.6 billion people.179 Iodine deficiency, Chapter 13 notes, may cause goiter and mental impairment.
Effects of thyroid hormones in women with gestational diabetes
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2022
Sibel Demiral Sezer, Omercan Topaloglu
The rate of AntiTPOAb in pregnant women increases up to 20% according to geographical differences. Meta-analysis, which included 44 studies, showed that AntiTPOAb were related with the risk of GDM [27]. Iodine deficiency, which is one of the most common causes of hypothyroidism, also contributes to autoimmune thyroid diseases [11]. Women with thyroid autoimmunity frequently progress to hypothyroidism during pregnancy, despite a euthyroid status before pregnancy. Progressive hypothyroidism therefore often develops or worsens as gestation progresses [28]. Our country is in mild to moderate iodine deficiency region. Therefore, AntiTPOAb was high in our study. This study shows that; positivity of AntiTPOAb was higher in GDM group. In our country, there is no policy for universal screening of thyroid dysfunctions during pregnancy [29]. We think that, Anti-TPO may screened in the first trimester of pregnancy to prevent GDM.
Consistent Iodine Status Assessment in Chinese Adults by Different Spot Urinary Iodine Concentrations in a Day Together With Corresponding Correction Coefficients
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2019
Wendi Liu, Peng Zhang, Xin Zhao, Maocheng Sang, Xiaotong Liu, Lu Liu, Shiyan Liu, Haiyue Lin, Zhongna Sang
Iodine is an essential trace element for the synthesis of thyroid hormones that are critical for healthy fetal brain development (1). When iodine requirements are not met, a series of diseases, which mainly include goiter, hypothyroidism, and intellectual decline termed as iodine deficiency disorders (IDD), will occur (2). IDD has been considered to be the most common disorders around the world in the past (3). The prevalence of severe IDD has seen a considerable reduction worldwide through the fortification of salt and other foods as well as the use of dietary supplements, while mild to moderate iodine deficiency is still of concern in many countries (4). On the other hand, long-term excessive intake of iodine can also lead to thyroid dysfunctions, mainly including iodine-induced hyperthyroidism and autoimmune thyroid disease (5). Therefore, it is critically important to monitor population-wide iodine status in order to avoid iodine deficiency or iodine excess.
Iodine status of pregnant women and children age 6 to 12 years feeding from the same food basket in Mopani district, Limpopo province, South Africa
Published in South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2019
E Mabasa, NS Mabapa, PL Jooste, XG Mbhenyane
Iodine is an essential trace mineral required for the synthesis and production of thyroid hormones, which regulate many important functions in the body, including enzyme activity and protein synthesis.1 Iodine deficiency (ID) occurs when iodine intake falls below required levels to maintain adequate thyroid hormone production.2 The consequences of ID include stillbirth, mental retardation, poor growth, foetal brain malformations, miscarriages and cognitive problems.3 The developing foetus and children aged 0 to 24 months are susceptible to irreversible damage to the brain and the central nervous system caused by ID.4–7 Pregnant women have a higher recommended daily iodine intake than other populations in order to support the developing foetus.8 According to the WHO, population-based prevalence surveys of iodine status should be performed by measurement of urinary iodine concentration from spot urine samples.9