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Weaning a Baby onto a Vegan Diet
Published in Mary Nolan, Shona Gore, Contemporary Issues in Perinatal Education, 2023
It is recommended that all lactating women should supplement with iodine, with 150 mcg per day recommended in the USA, Europe and Australia (Lazarus, 2014; Leung et al., 2014; NHMRC, 2010). However, based on lower iodine intakes in vegans (Eveleigh et al., 2020) and on intakes required to ensure adequate breastmilk concentration (Dror & Allen, 2018), women on a vegan diet may need to supplement at the WHO recommended level of 250 mcg per day (Untoro et al., 2007). From 12 months of age, iodised salt can be used as a source of iodine for children on vegan diets. In some cases, an iodine supplement will be required to meet the recommended intake.
The dietary requirements of infants
Published in Claire Tuck, Complementary Feeding, 2022
Iodine intakes are below the UK RNI for 11- to 18-year-old girls but above the UK RNI for young children.94 Cow’s milk intake has decreased in the United Kingdom, low cow’s milk intake being an indicator of lower urinary iodine levels.186 In addition, the availability of iodised salt is limited in the United Kingdom,187 making up <5% of all salt consumed.188
Optimal Nutrition for Women
Published in Michelle Tollefson, Nancy Eriksen, Neha Pathak, Improving Women's Health Across the Lifespan, 2021
Kayli Anderson, Kaitlyn Pauly, Debra Shapiro, Vera Dubovoy
Plant-exclusive diets can be low in iodine, with 63% of female vegans having low iodine.127 Sea vegetables like nori, wakame, arame, kelp, and kombu contain iodine. Their iodine content, however, can be somewhat unreliable with the risk of toxicity. In the early 20th century in the United States, iodine deficiency was a common issue, so iodine was added to some table salts, called iodized salt. Women can meet needs with a varied plant-based diet plus just a 1/4 teaspoon of iodized salt a day, which contains about half of the recommended daily iodine intake and equates to just 580 mg of sodium. If a woman is avoiding salt, iodine needs can be met by consuming seaweed a few times per week or by taking an iodine supplement.128
Interplay between metabolic and thyroid parameters in obese pubertal children. Does visceral adipose tissue make the first move?
Published in Acta Clinica Belgica, 2021
Nicoleta Răcătăianu, Nicoleta V. Leach, Sorana D. Bolboacă, Maria Loredana Soran, Ocsana Opriş, Eleonora Dronca, Ana Valea, Cristina Ghervan
Conversely, TSH-induced IGFRs expression stimulates thyroid cells response to the proliferative action of insulin independently of TSH. Thus, secondary hyperinsulinemia may be a risk factor for thyroid growth and proliferation [28,29]. In our study, the most common thyroid disorder was non-autoimmune goiter, followed by thyroid nodules, non-autoimmune hypothyroidism, and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. The sampling method of our study may explain the relatively high frequency of goiter and thyroid nodules comparative to other studies [27,30,31], as the participants were selected from an endocrinology clinic for obesity investigation rather than the general obese population. Also, most subjects had severe obesity, which is associated with important endocrine and metabolic changes. Since the iodine status of the selected children could not be determined (although they all consumed iodized salt), we were unable to investigate iodine deficiency as a potential cause for the increased presence of morphological thyroid abnormalities observed. Prospective studies with larger cohorts and longer follow-up are needed to evaluate thyroid morphological changes and predictive factors among obese children.
Iodine status of pregnant women and children age 6 to 12 years feeding from the same food basket in Mopani district, Limpopo province, South Africa
Published in South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2019
E Mabasa, NS Mabapa, PL Jooste, XG Mbhenyane
In the current study, 52.5% of households used adequately iodised salt with an iodine concentration of ≥ 15 ppm, which is lower than the international goal of 90% of households using adequately iodised salt.17 Of concern is that almost 48% of the households are using inadequately or non-iodised salt. The majority of women had inadequate knowledge on iodine nutrition and its benefits. Almost all households (98.9%) indicated that they consume salt as the main source of iodine and that they added salt either before or during cooking. A study in India18 reported the effect of cooking methods on iodine losses. It showed the loss of iodine during cooking depends on the method and cooking time or when salt is added during the process. It concluded that it is advisable to sprinkle salt after cooking (where it is possible) rather than adding salt while cooking. The consumption of salt and how it is added to food should be included as part of nutrition education on iodine. Despite the success of the mandatory iodisation programme at the national level in South Africa, there are some areas, particularly in the Limpopo province, where the implementation is poor or there is poor knowledge and practices. This could be attributed to many factors, including lack of knowledge on iodine nutrition or the reported use of cheap non-iodised agricultural salt bought at local spaza shops (informal convenience stores) and from small-scale salt traders.
Investigational drugs in early stage clinical trials for thyrotoxicosis with hyperthyroidism
Published in Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 2018
Dietary iodine intake has been suggested to affect the efficacy of treatment with antithyroid drugs and some studies revealed that excessive iodine intake reduced the efficacy of this treatment and increased recurrence rate. In a prospective randomized trial of newly diagnosed patients with Graves´ disease, the iodine-supplemented group included 203 patients, and the iodine-restricted group included 202 patients. Patients in the iodine-supplemented group were given about 10 g of iodized salt every day, while the iodine-restricted group received noniodized salt with low-iodine or non-iodine diet and the intervention lasted for 24 months. Within 12 months of withdrawal of treatment, the total recurrence rate in the iodine-supplemented group was 35.5%, significantly lower than in the iodine-restricted group, which was 45.5%. Optimal dietary iodine supplementation during antithyroid drug therapy for Graves’ disease is associated with lower recurrence rates than those patients with iodine restriction, and therefore, diet control with strict iodine restriction might be an adverse factor in the management of Graves´ disease. TRAbs that showed lower concentrations in the iodine-supplemented group may contribute to the lower recurrence rate in this group [36]. This study is registered with National Natural Science Foundation of China (81370886).