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The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Cardiovascular Disease
Published in Stephen T. Sinatra, Mark C. Houston, Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2022
Dietary Interventions to Decrease Endotoxemia Include: Increase whole plant food.Increase low-mercury fish consumption.Avoid sugar and processed foods.Incorporate intermittent fasting.Increase dietary fiber and prebiotic consumption (especially foods high in oligofructose, inulin, and galactooligosaccharide).Soluble fibers are digested by enzymes into SCFAs.SCFAs constitute approximately 5%–10% of the energy source in healthy people.Fiber-enriched diets improve insulin sensitivity58 in lean and obese diabetic subjects.
Gut Microbiota—Specific Food Design
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Preeti Birwal, Santosh K. Mishra, Phytochemicals and Medicinal Plants in Food Design, 2022
Aparna V. Sudhakaran, Himanshi Solanki
Prebiotics are “substrates that are selectively utilized by host microorgan-isms, conferring a health benefit to the host” [31]. In simple terms, prebiotics is the food for the beneficial microorganisms in the gut. The prebiotics aids in digestion reduces constipation, resist infections, prevent gastrointestinal diseases, and ameliorate inflammatory bowel disease [30]. The prebiotic supplementation of 1.7 g of galactooligosaccharides (GOS) per day increases the frequency of bowel movement, reduces straining during defecation, and decreases stool consistency when compared with maltodextrin [7].
Medicinal Mushrooms
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Surya Prakash Gautam, Herbal Product Development, 2020
Temitope A. Oyedepo, Adetoun E. Morakinyo
Prebiotics are nondigestible ingredients found in food which stimulate the growth or action of probiotics (i.e., beneficial microorganisms). Probiotics play an important role in the overall health of the gut. They help with the breakdown and digestion of food and the regulation of the immune system, and they also inhibit the growth of pathogens. Prebiotics are obtained from the nondigestible fiber in certain plant-based foods. The key compounds in prebiotics are galactooligosaccharide, oligosaccharides, and inulin. Mushroom is one of the good sources of prebiotics because they are rich in polysaccharides such as chitin, galactans, hemicellulose, mannans, α- and β-glucans, and xylans (Singdevsachan et al., 2015). These nondigestible mushroom polysaccharides have the potential to enhance the growth of probiotic bacteria in the gut, and this will inhibit the proliferation of pathogens (Bhakta and Kumar, 2013).
Dietary sialylated oligosaccharides in early-life may promote cognitive flexibility during development in context of obesogenic dietary intake
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Caroline Clouard, Inonge Reimert, Stephen A. Fleming, Sietse-Jan Koopmans, Teun Schuurman, Jonas Hauser
In light of significant evidence implicating a link between multiple oligosaccharides of various compositions and cognition, it is unclear why the present study suggests this only occurred for sialyllactose alone. A variety of factors may be at play: synergistic effects between oligosaccharides, different animal models used, various methods employed to test cognition, doses, etc. Beyond methodological and dietary differences, the reason behind the discrepancy may not surface until further mechanistic research is performed. Even for studies of single, discrete compounds (i.e. the structure of 2′-FL or 3′-SL is consistent, whereas galactooligosaccharide may have various degrees of polymerization and branching) the true mechanism is not known. Hypotheses surrounding the gut–brain-axis are largely divided into direct effects (via the vagus nerve) or indirect effects (absorption of metabolites/bioactives or modulation of the immune system) [66].
Calorie restriction in combination with prebiotic supplementation in obese women with depression: effects on metabolic and clinical response
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2021
Elnaz Vaghef-Mehrabany, Fatemeh Ranjbar, Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi, Sonia Hosseinpour-Arjmand, Mehrangiz Ebrahimi-Mameghani
No significant differences were observed between the prebiotic and placebo group post-intervention, in terms of depression scores, in our study (Figure 2). Observational studies have reported microbial dysbiosis in depression [36]. Prebiotics/probiotics through modulating gut microbiota enhance the immune system function and decrease inflammation [37]. This leads to improved brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression, decreased glucocorticoid resistance, and lower kynurenine production from tryptophan; these together might contribute to alleviation of depression [38,39]. Unlike some promising results from probiotics interventions [40], little evidence supports anti-depressant effects of prebiotics. Merely one study reported remarkable improvement in depressive symptoms after 8 weeks of resistant dextrin (10 g/day) supplementation in diabetic patients [16]. The only clinical trial on non-obese patients with MDD, which assessed the effects of galactooligosaccharide (10 g/day) administration, found no significant effects of the intervention after 8 weeks [41]. Higher dosage or duration of prebiotics supplementation might be required for improving the assumed dysbiosis in depression. Moreover, the type of the prebiotics used in various clinical trials might affect the study outcomes, as the prebiotic capacity of these substances differs [42]. Also, an assumed improvement in the gut microbiota composition by improved dietary habits might have masked the effects of the prebiotic supplement, in our patients.
Can we reduce autism-related gastrointestinal and behavior problems by gut microbiota based dietary modulation? A review
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2021
Nalan Hakime Nogay, Marcia Nahikian-Nelms
Probiotics are considered a possible therapeutic factor that can affect brain development and behavior in autism. Children with autism, who were administered L. plantarum orally, showed a change in intestinal microbiota and a decrease in GI and behavioral problems [96]. The administration of B. fragilis in the maternal immune activation mouse model, which has autistic characteristics, caused an improvement in anxiety-like behaviors, repetitive behaviors, and intestinal permeability defect [97]. Stool samples of children with autism, who were administered L. acidophilus, L. rhamnosus, and B. longum for 3 months, showed increased densities of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium and decreased GI and autistic behavior problems [98]. Another study showed that L. reuteri caused an improvement in antisocial behavior [99]. L. reuteri was effective in treating diarrhea in children and reduced the duration of symptoms [100]. The prebiotic galactooligosaccharide (GOS) may stimulate butyrate production and modulate the intestinal microbiota, thus indirectly affecting the central nervous system. The administration of GOS to individual with autism on a GFCF diet increased the B. longum density [93].