China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Optimal Nutrition for Women
Published in Michelle Tollefson, Nancy Eriksen, Neha Pathak, Improving Women's Health Across the Lifespan, 2021
Kayli Anderson, Kaitlyn Pauly, Debra Shapiro, Vera Dubovoy
Energy balance occurs when energy intake is equal to energy expenditure, which is the goal for maintaining body weight. When energy intake exceeds expenditure, a state of positive energy balance occurs followed by an increase in body mass, most of which is usually body fat. On the other hand, when energy expenditure exceeds intake, negative energy balance leads to a loss of body mass, which is also usually body fat.22 While overweight and obesity is generally considered to be a result of either excessive calorie intake or insufficient physical activity, body weight is incredibly complex, so the most effective strategies for achieving and maintaining a healthy body weight often employ many modalities including nutrition, physical activity, mental health, and others.
Exercise and Dietary Influences on The Regulation of Energy Balance and Implications for Body Weight Control
Published in Peter M. Tiidus, Rebecca E. K. MacPherson, Paul J. LeBlanc, Andrea R. Josse, The Routledge Handbook on Biochemistry of Exercise, 2020
Andrea M. Brennan, Robert Ross
This chapter will highlight the regulation of energy intake and energy expenditure and discuss the influence of lifestyle-based interventions on the energy balance equation and body weight. In particular, biochemical and physiological compensatory responses to exercise or diet-induced weight loss will be reviewed in addition to their implications for weight maintenance and weight regain. Finally, suggestions for future research aims in this area will be proposed to better delineate the genetic, metabolic, and physiological mechanistic underpinnings of behavioural factors that influence energy balance.
The Case against Rapid Weight Loss
Published in Charles Paul Lambert, Physiology and Nutrition for Amateur Wrestling, 2020
Energy balance is the balance between energy (caloric) intake and energy output or caloric expenditure. Energy intake is simply the energy that you ingest. Energy expenditure is broken down into resting energy expenditure, energy expenditure related to exercise, that related to the digestion, absorption, and metabolism of food, and non-exercise induced thermogenesis such as fidgeting. Weight loss for amateur wrestling should happen before the season while during the season weight should be maintained and practices and matches fueled with optimal nutrition for performance and recovery. I have come to the conclusion that successful weight loss can be boiled down into taking four components into consideration: (1) Documenting Energy Intake; (2) Monitoring Bodyweight; (3) Monitoring Muscular Strength; and (4) Calculating Resting Metabolic Rate and estimating the amount of energy to ingest (Calories). The prudent goal is a loss of 1–2 lbs/week over the course of the weight loss period since energy or caloric restriction of 40% or greater can reduce resting metabolic rate and cause negative hormonal changes. During the pre-season weight loss phase athletes should take in adequate protein for heavy weight training and long-distance running and should ingest 60% CHO, 20% Protein, and 20% Fat. Twenty percent protein will allow for ~1.5 g Protein/kg bodyweight/day. Diets with about this much more protein or higher protein should spare fat-free mass (i.e., muscle mass) from being lost as a result of weight loss.
Association study of common functional genetic polymorphisms in SLC6A4 (5-HTT) and MAOA genes with obesity in portuguese children
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Licínio Manco, Aristides M. Machado-Rodrigues, Cristina Padez
Obesity is a global pandemic that is associated with increased risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular disease and cancer. It is generally accepted that obesity is the result of a positive energy balance (i.e. when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure) mainly caused by the environmental factors energy-dense food consumption combined with physical inactivity (Hill et al. 2013). However, body mass index (BMI) has also a strong genetic component (40 and 70% heritability) (Wardle et al. 2008, Silventoinen et al. 2010) involving several genes with expression in the hypothalamus. In particular, some studies addressed an important role of the brain serotonergic and dopaminergic neurotransmitter systems in weight gain and obesity susceptibility through appetite regulation (Say 2017, Wyler et al. 2017).
The impact of body composition on treatment in ovarian cancer: a current insight
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2021
Veronica McSharry, Kate Glennon, Amy Mullee, Donal Brennan
Early identification of body composition abnormalities would permit targeted intervention prior to, and after surgery. Low muscle attenuation is correlated to higher rates of weight loss [67], increased systemic inflammation [68], and insulin resistance [69] in cancer. Multimodal interventions may alleviate some of these factors. Both energy intake and physical activity have been shown as key components of energy balance, contributing to alterations in body composition. Supplementation of amino acids and carbohydrates consumed after resistance exercise increased muscle protein synthesis rates by 145% above baseline compared with 41% from exercise in isolation in healthy male patients [101]. A combination of resistance and cardiovascular exercise are recommended to sustain or improve muscle mass, muscle density, and performance status during cancer treatment [102]. Exercise is also known to improve insulin sensitivity and inflammatory responses [103,104].
Dietary intake as a cardiovascular risk factor: a cross-sectional study of bank employees in Accra
Published in South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2020
Ivy Priscilla Frimpong, Matilda Asante, Aloysius Nwabugo Maduforo
The energy-giving food nutrients (carbohydrates, fats and proteins) evaluated in this study perform major functions in the body. A positive energy balance leads to overweight and obesity and thus contributes to the morbidity of cardiovascular diseases. Fat especially is being modified in CVD's as well as the total energy intake of individuals.13 Findings of this study showed a significant difference in mean energy intake between males and females. The energy requirement for a male is higher due to higher metabolic rate and activity.12 A review of the published literature shows that dietary changes differ according to the population group investigated.7,14,15 Nevertheless, the percentage contribution of fat (men 31%, and women 32%) to the total energy in this study was similar to intakes among male (33%) and female (35%) Ghanaian migrants reported in Sydney, Australia.14