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Bioenergetics
Published in Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan, Strength and Conditioning in Sports, 2023
Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan
From a biological standpoint, energy is the ability or capacity to perform work. Energy can be conceptualized as either potential (stored) or kinetic (performing work). Various forms of energy exist; for example, elastic, nuclear, electromagnetic, mechanical, and chemical. Biochemical processes form the basis of metabolism and metabolic energy transformations are necessary for all activities accomplished by living systems. Indeed, the concepts of specificity of exercise and training depend to a great extent upon understanding underlying aspects of metabolism, energy use, and generation. Background knowledge of how energy is created for different types of exercises, and how specific types of training can modify energy production, can lead to more efficient and efficacious designs for training programs. Thus, a thorough understanding of bioenergetics and metabolism is necessary for sport scientists and coaches alike.
Food Types, Dietary Supplements, and Roles
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Other soft beverages most consumed by young people are energy drinks. Recently, a number of scientists have raised alarm about the harmful effects of energy drinks in young people (42–44). ‘Energy drinks’ are non-alcoholic beverages containing high levels of caffeine (>150 mg/L) in combination with other ingredients such as taurine, vitamins, herbal supplements, and sugar, or sweeteners known to have stimulant properties (42–43). They are marketed explicitly as a way to relieve fatigue and improve mental alertness and to improve energy, weight loss, stamina, athletic performance, and concentration (42–43). According to some report surveys, energy drinks are consumed by 30 to 50% of adolescents and young adults (42). Frequently, these drinks have been reported in association with serious adverse effects such as seizures, cardiac abnormalities, diabetes, and mood disorders, especially in children, adolescents, and young adults. Energy drinks have no therapeutic benefit, and many ingredients are understudied and not regulated (42). The known and unknown pharmacology of agents included in such drinks, combined with reports of toxicity, raises concern for potentially serious adverse effects in association with energy drink use. Educating adolescents and increasing the community’s awareness of the hazards of energy drinks is of paramount importance (42).
Structure of Matter
Published in W. P. M. Mayles, A. E. Nahum, J.-C. Rosenwald, Handbook of Radiotherapy Physics, 2021
There are various forms of energy: mechanical, kinetic and electrical. The fundamental laws of physics include the conservation of the total energy of a given system, whatever the transformations in it. The energy unit, in the International System of Units, is the joule (J), but because this quantity is too large when applied to particle energies, the electron volt (eV) is often used instead.
Novel pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives: design, synthesis, molecular docking, molecular simulations and biological evaluations as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Amira I. Sayed, Yara E. Mansour, Mohamed A. Ali, Omnia Aly, Zainab M. Khoder, Ahmed M. Said, Samar S. Fatahala, Rania H. Abd El-Hameed
Similar results were obtained from the molecular simulations of complexes of 4b and 8e with TLR-4. The TLR-4-4b and TLR-4-8e complexes had RMSD values of 0.18 nm and 0.22 nm, respectively Figure 9(a). Besides, most of the residues of TLR-4-4b and TLR-4-8e complexes reached an average RMSF of 0.19 and 0.21 nm, respectively Figure 9(b). In conclusion, the RMSD and RMSF analysis of the formed complexes between 4b and 8e with COX-2 and TLR-4 showed favourable stability for both the compounds and emphasised the results from the experimental assays. (2) Binding Free Energy Calculations using MM-PBSA approach: attempting to further endorse the binding strength between the COX-2 enzyme and TLR-4 with the newly developed compounds 4b and 8e, the g_mmpbsa package was brought in action to compute the binding free energies between the two targets and the proposed molecules 4b and 8e. The generated trajectories from the production stage were used to calculate all the forms of binding free energy. These energy types include electrostatic energy, van der Waal energy, polar solvation energy and SASA energy. All the previous types of energy were calculated for the four complexes containing COX-2 and TLR-4 bound to 4b or 8e (Table 7).
α-Hederin inhibits the growth of lung cancer A549 cells in vitro and in vivo by decreasing SIRT6 dependent glycolysis
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Cong Fang, Yahui Liu, Lanying Chen, Yingying Luo, Yaru Cui, Ni Zhang, Peng Liu, Mengjing Zhou, Yongyan Xie
Reprogramming energy metabolism is a hallmark of cancer. Energy metabolism is the process in which energy is generated from nutrients, released, stored, and consumed by organisms or living cells. Energy metabolism is divided into glucose metabolism, protein metabolism, and fat metabolism. Under normal conditions, cells generate energy primarily via aerobic respiration. When the oxygen content is insufficient, cells perform glycolysis to generate energy. This process is called anaerobic respiration. Unlike normal cells, tumour cells generate energy primarily via glycolysis, even under aerobic conditions, a phenomenon known as the Warburg effect. Glycolytic capacity is characterized by rapid productivity and low efficiency. The rapid proliferation of tumour cells requires rapid energy consumption. Meanwhile, the lactic acid generated by glycolysis creates an acidic environment for tumour cells, which is conducive to their growth and leads to their rapid proliferation (Zhao et al. 2014; Potter et al. 2016). Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) protein is a chromatin binding factor that was initially described as an inhibitor of gene instability (Mostoslavsky et al. 2006). During energy metabolism, SIRT6 regulates the fat and glucose metabolism, which is a key regulator of energy stress and is closely related to the process of tumour growth (Sebastián and Mostoslavsky 2015). With the metabolic profile used for energy production is elucidated, regulating tumour metabolism is a new therapeutic strategy to inhibit tumour growth (Zhang and Yang 2013).
Simple techniques to study multifaceted diabesity in the fly model
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2019
Nibedita Nayak, Monalisa Mishra
For the proper growth, maintenance and reproduction, energy are essential, and this energy profoundly comes from carbohydrate metabolism. The main circulating sugar in case of mammals is glucose while is a case of an insect it is a disaccharide of glucose called trehalose. The metabolite trehalose was identified in rye ergot and also in cocoons of Larinus (Thompson 2003). Trehalose acts as the economy of the cell as it can be both stored as glycogen and can be available as glucose to the cell at the time of need of energy (Wyatt and Kalf 1957). Thus, homogenate of the whole animal can be used for glucose assessment which approximately suggests the levels of glucose circulating in the body. Glucose can be estimated using a colorimetric assay using GO (Glucose oxidase/peroxidase) reagents bought from Sigma (GAGO-20) containing the enzyme GO which oxidizes the glucose content of the sample to gluconic acid (HOCH2 (CHOH) 4COOH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Furthermore, another constituent of the reagent, o-dianisidine reacts with H2O2 and get oxidised in the presence of peroxidase producing an orange color, at the end when a sulfuric acid (H2SO4) was added to the reaction mixture. This step stops the reaction imparting a pink color to the solution. The intensity of the color was monitored by taking the absorbance (Bergmeyer 1974).