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Radiopharmaceuticals for Diagnostics
Published in Michael Ljungberg, Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
The workhorse tracer of PET is FDG, 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-glucose which is a sugar molecule. It strongly resembles d-glucose, the naturally occurring sugar that is one of the main sources for energy in cell metabolism. Like glucose, it is taken up in cells requiring an energy source, both by diffusion and active GLUT-1 transporters. Tissues with increased demand for energy are brain, heart, and tumour. Therefore, FDG is used for tumour and inflammation imaging and energy metabolism. After uptake in the cell, FDG is phosphorylated to FDG-6-phospate. Then, unlike glucose, FDG is trapped in the tissue and not further metabolized via the Krebs Cycle and oxidative phosphorylation to produce many ATP-molecules [16].
Assessing and responding to sudden deterioration in the adult
Published in Nicola Neale, Joanne Sale, Developing Practical Nursing Skills, 2022
Blood glucose monitoring is part of the daily routine of many people with diabetes, who know their normal blood glucose levels and are aware of how to control their blood glucose. In Enid’s instance, her carers know her usual blood glucose level and will be monitoring this, highlighting any abnormality to the health professionals. When a person becomes unwell due to infection, disease, trauma or a mental health problem, they may be unable to control their diabetes. Blood glucose levels are measured by carrying out a finger prick and gaining a blood sample, which is then analysed using a glucose meter. There are different types of glucose meters available. Alternatively, a blood sample can be taken to the biochemistry laboratory for analysing glucose levels. This test usually takes a little time to perform and is therefore not useful in an emergency situation. Treatment will need to be administered according to the blood glucose level. Box 14.59 lists key points in blood glucose measurement.
Components of Nutrition
Published in Christopher Cumo, Ancestral Diets and Nutrition, 2020
Glucose is one of several sugars available in foods. All cannot receive treatment here, but a handful has played important dietary and historical roles. Fructose, along with glucose, is the sugar in honey, high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), and many fruits and vegetables. Fructose has the same formula as glucose but a different structure and a unique metabolic pathway in the body. Chemists categorize the two as isomers because of these properties. Among natural sugars, fructose tastes sweetest. Sweetness is potent in HFCS, examined in Chapter 11, a product of corn starch. In the 1960s, American and Japanese chemists treated corn starch with enzymes to generate corn syrup. Addition of the enzyme xylose isomerase converted some of the resulting glucose into fructose such that HFCS is typically 45 percent glucose and 55 percent fructose, though the latter may be up to 90 percent.28 By comparison, sucrose, discussed below, is roughly half glucose and half fructose.
Ketogenic diet: overview, types, and possible anti-seizure mechanisms
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2021
Mohammad Barzegar, Mohammadreza Afghan, Vahid Tarmahi, Meysam Behtari, Soroor Rahimi Khamaneh, Sina Raeisi
The LGIT, introduced in 2005, as another effective alternative dietary approach for DRE management [30]. In this dietary treatment, the extreme carbohydrate restriction of the other KDs is liberalized. The high carbohydrate-containing foods such as rice, bread potatoes, watermelon, and bagels are restricted to the low glycemic index foods which produce relatively small changes in blood glucose. A measure of a food’s tendency to cause a glucose elevation in serum is considered as the glycemic index [13,31]. The glycemic index of a specific food can be evaluated by calculating the incremental area the blood glucose response curve after administering the specified amount of that food in comparison to a same amount of the reference glucose [13]. The glycemic index of reference glucose is considered as 100 therefore, a particular food with a 50 glycemic index produces 50% of the area under the curve [31]. The diets with glycemic index less than 50 (such as meat, dairy, and some fruits and whole grain breads as well) are allowed in LGIT. This dietary treatment has nearly similar efficacy compared to the classic KD, however it is more palatable and easy to implementation [13]. The efficacy of LGIT is comparable with classic KD. Muzykewicz et al. evaluated the efficacy of LGIT in 76 DRE patients. A greater than 50% reduction in seizure frequency was recognized in 42%, 50%, 54%, 64%, and 66% of the patients after 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months, respectively.
Tagraxofusp as treatment for patients with blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm
Published in Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 2020
Sophia S. Lee, Deborah McCue, Naveen Pemmaraju
In a study done by Pemmaraju and his colleagues, the most common adverse events observed were increased alanine aminotransferase (64%) and aspartate aminotransferase levels (60%), hypoalbuminemia (55%), peripheral edema (51%), and thrombocytopenia (49%) [1, Table 1]. Hepatotoxicity was further noted in many studies to be about 88%. Grade 3 or higher adverse events occurred in 78% of the treatment-naive patients and 87% of previously treated (relapsed or refractory) patients [1,10]. Other adverse effects seen include nausea, fatigue, pyrexia, weight increase, anemia, a decrease in calcium and sodium, and an increase in glucose. Patients 75 years and older were noted to have a greater likelihood of grade 3 altered mental status (including confusion, delirium, dementia, and encephalopathy) compared to younger patients [10]. Moreover, infusion reactions/hypersensitivity can also be expected based on the nature of diphtheria toxin with a reported rate of 46% [10].
Association between the membrane transporter proteins and type 2 diabetes mellitus
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2020
Glucose is the major energy source of mammalian cells and therefore, its metabolism is critical for physiological functioning. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by high blood glucose levels either due to the low level of insulin secretion by the pancreas or due to the inefficiency to use insulin. Over the course of time, Diabetes could result in the development of secondary risk factors for other metabolic disorders, including hyperlipidemia and dysfunctions in vital organs [1]. The key fact is that the prevalence rate of diabetes is rising and it has now become 422 million as per the statistics [2]. Moreover, as per World Health Organization estimations, diabetes will soon become leading cause of death [2]. So far the most prevalent form of diabetes is type 2 diabetes (T2D) because of an insulin secretory defect in pancreatic β cells [3]. Thus, it is a huge challenge to humankind and despite extensive research on therapeutic efforts, the incidence of the disease is not decreasing.