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Introduction to Infection, Resistance, and Immunity
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Fetal development occurs in a sterile environment whereas newborn mammals are exposed to many environmental pathogens. During the first weeks after birth, newborn mammals are protected by antibodies that are derived from the mother. Human babies receive maternal antibody of the IgG class across the placenta during fetal development and additional classes of antibody in colostrum which accumulates in the mammary gland during the last few weeks of pregnancy. The structure of the placenta in domestic cattle and some other mammal species precludes transfer of IgG to the fetus. Newborn mammals of these species obtain all of their maternal antibodies in the first milk, i.e., colostrum. The newborn digestive system does not degrade the antibodies, and the newborn gut epithelia allow their passage from the gut into the bloodstream. The maternal antibodies protect the newborn mammal from environmental pathogens during maturation and priming of its immune system. Maternal antibodies may also play a subtle role in regulating the antigenbinding specificity of lymphocytes that are maturing in the newborn.
Animal Source Foods
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
The colostrum or early breast milk is the first form of milk produced by the mammary glands of all mammals immediately following delivery of the newborn (91). Colostrum, produced in low quantities in the first few days postpartum, is rich in immunologic components such as secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) or antibody A, lactoferrin, and leukocytes, as well as developmental factors such as epidermal growth factor (91). These immunologic products in colostrum absorbed by the baby are to ensure immunity defense against microbes. It is important to note that antibodies are transferred from placenta to the fetus, which justifies the low concentrations after birth. Colostrum has 100 times more antibodies than milk (94). Colostrum only lasts a few days and is then replaced by milk. It is reported that the antibodies in cow colostrum have no effect on the human body because the antibodies are generally specific to each species; they will be destroyed as other proteins in the human digestive tract. Therefore, giving the mother’s colostrum to the baby is very necessary for the sake of the newborn’s health. Exclusive human milk feeding for the first six months of a baby’s life, with continued breastfeeding for one to two years or longer, is recognized as the normative standard for infant feeding that promotes survival and healthy development (91).
Infant Nutrition
Published in Praveen S. Goday, Cassandra L. S. Walia, Pediatric Nutrition for Dietitians, 2022
Olivia Mayer, Yasemin Cagil, John Kerner
The early milk, or first milk produced, is the colostrum. Colostrum is very highly concentrated in protein, fat-soluble vitamins, minerals, electrolytes, as well as trophic factors and antimicrobials and has immune-enhancing properties. It is produced in the first 24–48 hours after birth and is typically a deep-yellow or orange color and is only made in small volumes to match the infant’s stomach capacity – which is only about 10–15 mL during that time. For some mothers, the onset of lactation may be delayed, an additional 24–48 hours due to cesarean section delivery or other obstetric complications. As early as 72 hours after birth, the mother may enter the second phase of lactogenesis, which results in the onset of greater milk production when her milk transitions from colostrum to mature milk and evolves to an expected white color. Mature milk is higher in carbohydrates, lipids, and vitamins.
Vaginal delivery is associated with lower levels of thiol groups, vitamin C and ferric reducing ability in colostrum compared with caesarean section
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Silmara Ana Vendrame, Carolina dos Santos Stein, Ângela Maria Naidon, Indutatí Gonçalves dos Santos, Rafael Noal Moresco, Thissiane de Lima Gonçalves
Friel et al. (2002) compared the composition of breast milk and infant formula and found that human milk provides superior antioxidant protection. Infant formula contains large amounts of vitamin C and iron, which induce free radical reactions (Friel et al. 2002). Colostrum antioxidant levels seem to be influenced by mode of delivery. In the study by Şimşek et al. (2015) the total antioxidant capacity of colostrum was significantly higher in women of vaginal delivery (p < 0.001), thus, vaginal delivery can promote the pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance of breast milk. On the contrary, our results show that, as evidenced by colostrum antioxidant levels, infants born by VD seem to receive less protection against oxidative damage than those born by ECS (Figure 1).
Anti-virulence strategies for Clostridioides difficile infection: advances and roadblocks
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
David Stewart, Farhan Anwar, Gayatri Vedantam
Colostrum has strong potential for future development as either prophylactic or therapeutic anti-virulence strategy against CDI. The low cost of production, the multiple final preparation options including those that are shelf-stable, and the ease of treatment delivery,71 make colostrum an attractive option for further research. However, the inability of colostrum to reliably prevent primary infection, as seen with Bezlotoxumab,70 means this treatment cannot be standalone. While colostrum provides an economical immunotherapy, the lack of bactericidal effect necessarily means that this strategy will have the same drawback as the monoclonal anti-toxin treatment. Mainly, there is always a risk of recurrence and spread of CD because there is no resolution of pathogen burden.
Human milk microbiota development during lactation and its relation to maternal geographic location and gestational hypertensive status
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Yi Wan, Jiajing Jiang, Mengqing Lu, Wenfeng Tong, Renke Zhou, Jiaomei Li, Jihong Yuan, Fenglei Wang, Duo Li
Similar to the nutrients and bioactive components in breast milk, the human milk microbial diversity and richness gradually decreased through lactation.16–18 This trend was also in line with previous cross-sectional studies indicating that the milk microbial diversity was higher in colostrum samples than that in transitional and mature milk samples.19,20 Higher milk microbial diversity and richness observed in colostrum samples might be due to the fact that colostrum had more diverse nutrients and bioactive properties, which could feed the microbes.21 During lactation, milk microbial diversity and richness were associated with geographic location and gestational hypertensive status, with lower level being observed in samples from mothers with gestational prehypertension relative to those from normotensive mothers. Recent evidence has shown that breast milk microbiota can directly seed the infant gut microbiota, the bacterial diversity and composition changes of which were associated with the proportion of daily breast milk consumption in a dose-dependent manner even after the introduction of solid foods.1 Therefore, breast milk with lower microbial diversity might result in lower gut microbiota diversity in infants through breastfeeding. Low infant gut microbial diversity has been reported to be correlated with the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis in early infancy and asthma risk at 7 y of age.22,23