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Role of Acetylcholine System in Allelopathy of Plants
Published in Akula Ramakrishna, Victoria V. Roshchina, Neurotransmitters in Plants, 2018
Weeds contain strong inhibitors of AChE, which possibly are deterrents against herbivory. The mechanism of action of most of the allelochemicals is not yet known. The biochemical mechanism of some plant allelochemicals as a factor in invasiveness of weeds has been studied (Bais et al., 2003; Weston and Duke, 2003; Li et al., 2010). The methanolic extract of C. rotundus, which inhibits germination, root and shoot growth in wheat and tomato, also inhibits AChE from wheat and tomato (Figures 15.2 through 15.7). Of the antiChEs found in C. rotundus, α-pinene is an allelochemical as well. It inhibits growth (radical elongation) in Triticum aestivum, along with Cicer arietinum, Cassia occidentalis, Pisum sativum, and Amaranthus viridis (Singh et al., 2006). The effect is reported to be mediated via oxidative stress. Since ACh is also known to cause increased O2 uptake/respiratory quotient, it seems plausible that α-pinene acts as allelochemical via cholinergic mechanism. Recent evidences (Zhiqun et al., 2017; Turi et al., 2014) also confirm our long-standing suggestion that these antiChEs could well be acting as allelochemicals functioning via the cholinergic system of the plants aiding in establishing supremacy over other plants trying to grow in the same habitat.
Contributions of Avicenna to surgery and anesthesiology
Published in Acta Chirurgica Belgica, 2020
1. Before surgery, eat fresh fish and ‘nokhodab’ (pea porridge, a pudding containing yellow Pisum sativum L., boiled in muslin until it resembles ‘Hummus’ (Cicer arietinum L.)). 2. Surgery ought to be done before cataract becomes mature (obscurity of appropriate density) in a room with dimmed light and closed windows. 3. The operated eye should be covered with a bit of cotton, on which a blend of egg yolk and Viola odorata L. is applied. 4. After ‘ghadh’ (surgery), the patient should lie on his back in a dark place for 3 days, until there is no more feeling of discomfort. The bandage ought to be changed every 3 days. 5. Bathing, drinking, sexual intercourse, and any condition which may lead towards puffy eyes (periorbital puffiness) such as acute rage, headache and coughing should be prevented [34].
Biosynthesis of antioxidative enzymes and polyphenolics content in calli cultures of Prunella vulgaris L. in response to auxins and cytokinins
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2020
Hina Fazal, Bilal Haider Abbasi, Nisar Ahmad, Bushra Noureen, Jahangir Shah, Dan Ma, Liu Chuanliang, Fazal Akbar, Muhammad Nazir Uddin, Haji Khan, Mohammad Ali
Similar to enzymatic defense components, the non-enzymatic polyphenolics were also found to be PGRs dependent and biomass independent. The application of 0.5 mg l−1 NAA boosted up biomass production but reduced polyphenolics biosynthesis. Further, 2.0 mg l−1 NAA and BA improved synthesis of phenolics and 1.5 mg l−1 NAA and BA enhanced flavonoids on full MS-media. However, the half MS-media in combination with various NAA concentrations was found optimum for production of polyphenolics. Seldom changes in plant secondary metabolites occur during in vitro callogenesis. SODs, PODs, TPC and TFC defense compounds are produced during abiotic and biotic stresses and promote the development and growth of plant cells and tissues. It is beneficial for the production of TPC and TFC to used plant tissue culture. In the literature, specific reports on the P. vulgaris calli cultures for the production of TPC and TFC are not available. Though, in various cultures of therapeutic herbs, different researchers reported similar TPC and TFC biosynthesis [22,23]. Naz et al. [24] described that callus cultures of Cicer arietinum yielded higher phenolics like the current study. Ghasemzadeh et al. [25] reported maximum production of polyphenolics content in two varieties of Zingiber officinale. Hemm et al. [26] and Liu et al. [27] reported that the organogenic potential is not the only one affected by PGRs and elicitors, but it also affects metabolites production.
Sustainable production of biomass and industrially important secondary metabolites in cell cultures of selfheal (Prunella vulgaris L.) elicited by silver and gold nanoparticles
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Hina Fazal, Bilal Haider Abbasi, Nisar Ahmad, Mohammad Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Abbas Khan, Dong-Qing Wei
In this study, the addition of nanoparticles to broth cultures induced the accumulation of biomass as well as the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in suspended cells of P. vulgaris. This study is not restricted to Prunella but helpful for the synthesis of novel or other important secondary cell products in high-valued medicinal species. Information of nanoparticle-induced biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in liquid cultures of medicinal plants are limited in the already published work; however, the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in various elite medicinal species is widely reported. In this context, the addition of exogenous biotic or abiotic elicitors and growth regulators not only effect the architecture development of plant but also regulate the biosynthesis and release of high valued secondary cell products [45]. In continuation, the calli cultures of Cicer arietinum accumulate higher quantities of secondary cell products than other plant in vitro tissues [46]. A similar variation in the synthesis and release of secondary cell products were also documented in two species of Zingiber officinale [13]. Therefore, the current research showed a clear picture of nanobiotechnology that enhanced the biosynthesis secondary cell products by regulating the growth behavior of various tissues. Different ratios of NPs and NAA significantly alter the DRSA in cell suspension culture. Various biotechnological techniques have been used for the biosynthesis of valuable bioactive compounds [47]. Here, the applications of NPs along with NAA have displayed maximum DRSA in suspended cells than control. Previous literature also proved that NPs-induced antioxidant system enhanced malon-di-aldehyde content in medicinal plants [48].