China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Conservation – A Strategy to Overcome Shortages of Ayurveda Herbs
Published in D. Suresh Kumar, Ayurveda in the New Millennium, 2020
S. Noorunnisa Begum, K. Ravikumar
Adulteration and substitution of herbal drugs is a burning problem in the herbal industry, and it has evolved to be a major threat to research on commercial natural products. The deforestation and extinction of many species and incorrect identification of many plants have resulted in adulteration and substitution of raw drugs. Table 8.2 lists selected medicinal plants with their possible adulterants and substitutes.
Alcohol and Sedatives
Published in Frank Lynn Iber, Alcohol and Drug Abuse as Encountered in Office Practice, 2020
Nearly all sedatives used come from FDA-approved manufacturers, in which supplies for legitimate channels have been diverted to illicit use or prescriptions have been provided. The material is therefore free of adulterants, and the doses are known to the user. The two problems that one can encounter is the very long duration of action of these drugs, causing a withdrawal syndrome to occur over 2 weeks or more for the long-acting drugs such as phenobarbital, glutethimide, and diazepam. The other problem is management of deliberate overdose taken in a suicide attempt. Accidental overdose is nearly unheard of with these agents, but deliberate suicide is increased among addicts.
Supplements
Published in David Lightsey, The Myths about Nutrition Science, 2019
To eliminate potentially hazardous supplements from the marketplace, the FDA recalls individual products and issues public notices regarding individual ingredients. The effectiveness of FDA recalls of individual products has been previously studied. One analysis found that 67% of brands subject to FDA recalls still on sale contained adulterants. Our current study explores the use of public notices targeting individual ingredients in supplements rather than individual products. Two findings are notable. First, the number of products that contained 1,3-DMAA, BMPEA, and oxilofrine decreased, but most supplements tested contained 1 or more prohibited stimulant, some up to 4 years after FDA action. Second, 1 stimulant was introduced only after FDA enforcement action. Future studies will be necessary to determine whether the FDA’s public notices may, on occasion, inadvertently lead to the introduction of prohibited stimulants in supplements.
The North American opioid epidemic: opportunities and challenges for clinical laboratories
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2022
Sarah R. Delaney, Danyel H. Tacker, Christine L. H. Snozek
Adulteration or specimen validity testing is a component of urine drug testing that is intended to detect dilution, substitution, or alteration of specimens to falsify test results [22,23,25,53,54]. Adulteration can invalidate both IA- and MS-based testing methods, depending on the nature of the adulteration. For example, substituting drug-free urine will provide negative results by both IA and MS, whereas various chemical additives may alter antibody-drug binding (thereby disrupting IAs) or convert drugs to derivatives that escape MS-based testing [25,53,54]. The effects of specific adulterants are well reviewed elsewhere [53]. Specimen validity testing typically includes specific gravity and creatinine to indicate sample dilution, either from consuming excessive amounts of liquid or from adding fluid to the sample following collection. Oxidant, nitrite, and pH testing are used to detect a broad array of adulterants, including household products such as detergent, vinegar, salt, hydrogen peroxide, eye drops, and ammonia, and chemicals marketed as urine adulterants, e.g. UrinAid (glutaraldehyde), Stealth® (peroxide), UrineLuck (pyridinium chlorochromate), and Klear® (potassium nitrite). Guidelines for testing in pain management, employment screening, and other settings recommend specimen validity testing to ensure the correct interpretation of urine drug screens [22,23,25]. Many POC tests for DOA are outfitted with temperature and adulteration testing within the device, while central laboratories may perform specimen validity testing on an automated platform using dedicated reagents.
Screening of Weight-Loss Herbal Products for Synthetic Anti-Obesity Adulterants: A Target-Oriented Analysis by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2021
P. Girish, M. Jayanthi, B. Gitanjali, S. Manikandan, S. Rajan
Various analytical approaches are in practice for identifying the synthetic adulterants in herbal products. Chromatography, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and mass spectrometry are some of the well-known techniques for screening adulterants. However, the choice of analytical techniques varies based on the target of interest. NMR-based techniques are generally used for identifying unknown adulterants, whereas chromatographic techniques coupled with mass spectrometry are preferred for identifying the known adulterants (Haneef et al. 2013; Pagès et al. 2014). The aim of our present study was to develop a single-run liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for screening potential synthetic weight loss agents such as 2,4-DNP, L-thyroxine, sibutramine, phenolphthalein, ephedrine, fluoxetine, and nor-fenfluramine as adulterants and to check their adulteration prevalence in WHPs which are available through web stores and licensed herbal product dispensing stores of the Puducherry union region.
What the lab can and cannot do: clinical interpretation of drug testing results
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2020
Bhushan M. Kapur, Katarina Aleksa
Adulterants, such as Stealth (a peroxidase), chromates (Pyridine, Urine Luck™ Instant Clean ADD-IT-ive), nitrite (Klear, Whizzies), and glutaraldehyde (UrinAid), can be purchased online and surreptitiously added to the urine sample [103]. Some adulterants, including isopropyl alcohol, soaps, bleach, and perfumes, are readily identified by their odor. Soaps are also identified by excessive bubbling. Use of solid adulterants is detected by the presence of residues in the container. The objective of these adulterants is to interfere with the IAs by changing the characteristics of the urine test medium. Sample integrity tests, such as UCr and SpGr, urine temperature, and pH, have now become part of the routine sample validity tests. A number of reagent vendors offer integrity tests but, as Matriciani and colleagues [104] report, many cannot detect some of these adulterants.