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Physical Examination of the Hand
Published in J. Terrence Jose Jerome, Clinical Examination of the Hand, 2022
Clinical examination of the patient is not complete without vascular examination. Physical examination is the clinical and primary method to evaluate patients with vascular diseases. It is vital to look for radial pulse in both upper extremities. The radial artery lies more superficial in the forearm running under the anterior aspect of the brachioradialis. It crosses the supinator to enter the anterior and radial aspect of the forearm. We can palpate the radial pulse between the brachioradialis and flexor carpi radialis at the wrist. In 10% of individuals, a persistent median artery is felt along the course of the median nerve. The persistent median artery contributes to form the superficial arch and passes deep to the transverse carpal ligament.
Glucocorticoid Signaling in the Heart
Published in Shyam S. Bansal, Immune Cells, Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Diseases, 2022
Atherosclerosis, although a vascular disease, is one of the leading contributors of cardiac pathogenesis. Characterized by arterial blockage due to lipid deposition, it involves the infiltration of leukocytes, including macrophages that form foam cells, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and smooth muscle proliferation (87). Several studies looking at data from individuals with adrenal insufficiency who were on glucocorticoid replacement therapy, including children and adults, showed an increased risk of ischemic cardiovascular disease compared to healthy individuals. These risks were mostly linked to incorrect levels of circulating corticosteroids due to replacement therapy, in which excess or insufficient glucocorticoid levels, especially during underlying illness or stress condition, could trigger systemic disturbances, for example, metabolic or endothelial dysfunction (88) (89) (90) (91). Similar increases in risk and mortality due to cardiac failure have been reported in patients with Cushing’s disease and were attributed to increased atherosclerotic plaque formation and a higher incidence of vascular disease due to hypercortisolemia, compared to healthy individuals (92) (93) (94).
Cardiovascular disease
Published in Sally Robinson, Priorities for Health Promotion and Public Health, 2021
Peripheral arterial disease, sometimes called peripheral vascular disease, means that the blood circulation to the peripheries of the body, such as the hands and feet, is blocked, usually due to atherosclerosis. The individual feels pain as the tissues fail to receive the oxygen they need (ischaemia). The damage can lead to ulcers and eventually to gangrene, which necessitates an amputation.
Targeting VCAM-1: a therapeutic opportunity for vascular damage
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2023
Mayarling F Troncoso, Magda C Díaz-Vesga, Fernanda Sanhueza-Olivares, Jaime A Riquelme, Marioly Müller, Luis Garrido, Luigi Gabrielli, Mario Chiong, Ramon Corbalan, Pablo F Castro, Sergio Lavandero
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in the world and represent 32% of worldwide deaths in 2019, highlighting the urgency of treatment and early detection. The mortality associated with COVID-19 was markedly high in 2020, and the estimated risk of death from the virus increased by 2.25-fold in people with cardiovascular diseases. Nearly 19 million people died from cardiovascular diseases that year [1]. Cardiovascular diseases include blood vessel diseases, such as atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism [2]. Together, vascular diseases are highly relevant in cardiovascular diseases and require the development of novel and effective therapeutic strategies to limit their morbidity and mortality.
Orally delivered rutin in lipid-based nano-formulation exerts strong antithrombotic effects by protein disulfide isomerase inhibition
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Dan Chen, Yurong Liu, Peiwen Liu, Yang Zhou, Longguang Jiang, Cai Yuan, Mingdong Huang
Thrombosis, the occlusion of blood vessels by localized clots, can occur in both macrocirculation and microcirculation, and becomes the central pathological event in various vascular diseases, including myocardial infarction, stroke, and pulmonary embolism (Mackman, 2008; Wendelboe & Raskob, 2016). During clot formation, the recruitment of activated platelets occurs in parallel with the blood coagulation cascade. Both processes communicate and promote each other to generate glue-like fibrin to seal the injured vessel. Currently, antiplatelets and anticoagulants are a mainstay for thrombosis prevention. However, there is an inherent risk of bleeding for these agents, which results in adverse cardiovascular events and negates the potential clinical benefit (Mackman, 2008; Melnikova, 2009; Lin et al., 2015b). Therefore, there are extensive and continuous efforts to develop novel antithrombotics with favorable potency and safety.
Inclisiran inhibits oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced foam cell formation in Raw264.7 macrophages via activating the PPARγ pathway
Published in Autoimmunity, 2022
Zhaoping Wang, Xiangyu Chen, Jingxing Liu, Yingcui Wang, Suhua Zhang
Atherosclerosis (AS) is an inflammatory disease caused by arterial narrowing due to plaque build-up and ultimately leads to heart disease, stroke, and vascular disease [1]. Solid evidence suggests the importance of endothelial lesions, lipid deposition, and macrophage apoptosis in the pathogenesis of AS [2,3]. Moreover, oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and macrophages are major contributors in the occurrence and development of AS [4,5]. In the early stages of AS, ox-LDL stimulates endothelial cell dysfunction and activates macrophages. Activated macrophages then engulf ox-LDL, transforming into foam cells and promoting the progression of plaque and AS [6]. Numerous research strategies for AS have been implemented in recent years; however, the current status of treatment remains unfavourable [7]. Therefore, it is necessary to design and develop effective strategies for AS treatment.