China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Peripheral Autonomic Neuropathies
Published in David Robertson, Italo Biaggioni, Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System, 2019
The term “vasa nervorum” is used here collectively to denote all blood vessels found in the endoneurium. A distinction can also be made between blood vessels found in various fibrous compartments of peripheral nerves and the terms “endoneurial”, “perineurial”, and “epineurial” vasa nervorum are used. It is assumed that the vasa nervorum play a crucial role in nutritional maintenance and in the normal function of peripheral nerves. This assumption is based on the fact that the vasa nervorum change caliber, depending on physiologic demands, and in pathologic conditions. The mechanism by which these vessels control blood flow or are themselves controlled remains obscure. The proposition that innervation of blood vessels plays an important role in the regulation of blood vessels and in the regulation of blood flow to nerves under normal and pathologic conditions is supported by analogy of the role of these nerves in other tissues, particularly the brain (Dhital and Appenzeller, 1988). Experimentally, stimulation of the lumbar sympathetic chain causes general vasoconstriction of intraneural vessels and the presence of adrenergic nerve terminals in the walls of vasa nervorum has also been demonstrated histochemically (Amenta, Mione and Napoleone, 1983).
Innervation of Vasa Nervorum
Published in Geoffrey Burnstock, Susan G. Griffith, Nonadrenergic Innervation of Blood Vessels, 2019
Kumud K. Dhital, Otto Appenzeller
The term vasa nervorum is used here collectively for all blood vessels which enter and terminate within the nerve trunk. Additionally, a distinction can be made between extraneural (nutrient) and intraneural vessels. The latter can further be subdivided into epineurial, per-ineurial, and endoneurial vasa nervorum, all of which arise from the nutrient arteries. There are two types of nutrient arteries, the more common being those that originate as branches of the main arteries of limbs and provide a direct and exclusive blood supply to the nerve. Nutrient arteries that arise as branches of subsidiary arteries which primarily supply extra-neural tissues (muscle and skin), are less common.
The Triple Heater (TH)
Published in Narda G. Robinson, Interactive Medical Acupuncture Anatomy, 2016
The vasa nervorum of the peripheral facial nerve arise from a network of vessels formed mainly by the superficial temporal, facial, transverse facial, and zygomatico-orbital arteries. These small vessels also derive from collateral branches of the supraorbital, deep temporal, buccal and parotid arteries.6
Hydrodissection as a therapeutic and diagnostic modality in treating peroneal nerve compression
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2020
Bo Song, Anuj Marathe, Bradley Chi, Prathap Jayaram
Peroneal neuropathies are the most common lower limb mononeuropathies and often present as foot drop with sensory deficits.1,2 The most common site of entrapment is at the fibular neck. Symptoms arise from external compressive forces, direct trauma, or fibular fractures/dislocations causing traction injuries from tearing of the vasa nervorum.1–3 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the standard for diagnosis of peroneal nerve palsies in the lower extremity, but electromyography and nerve conduction studies are also helpful.2,4 Treatment of peroneal nerve neuropathies has historically been surgical, involving dissection and decompression.4 However, recurrence rates after surgery can reach as high as 30% and can be complicated by neurovascular damage.4
Injection therapies for patellar tendinopathy
Published in The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 2020
Color Doppler studies reported neovascularization in 60–80% of patents with PT [38]. Sclerosing agents are used to inhibit this neovascularization and destroy the new blood vessels being formed [34]. It also inhibits the vasa nervorum accompanying the blood vessels which has a denervating effect, hence relieving pain. Sclerosing agents are injected into the blood vessels just before their entry into the patellar tendon [14]. Alfredson and Öhberg [39] reported a promising result with a considerable decrease in pain following a sclerosing injection of 5 mg/ML. All 15 patients who received the sclerosing injection returned to their activity level and there was a reduction in the pain scale during the six month follow-up. Polidocanol was the sclerosing agent used in the Alfredson and Öhberg study. At the same time, Hoksrud, Torgalsen [38] failed to confirm their findings in a group of athletes with chronic PT. According to Willberg, Sunding [40], arthroscopic shaving is a better treatment option in PT compared to sclerosing agents. The use of sclerosing agents in PT is still unclear and further research is recommended to determine its effectiveness.
Mepolizumab for the treatment of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2019
Daniel Ennis, Jason Kihyuk Lee, Christian Pagnoux
The vasculitic or systemic phase describes the final stage of the disease and is characterized by necrotizing vasculitis, which can affect the skin (40–81%), peripheral nervous system (PNS) (52–92%), kidneys (0–35%), central nervous system (0–39%), heart (15–54%) or GI tract (8–58%) (Table 1). The latter 4 organs having major prognostic implications. Notably, it is often challenging to distinguish between phases 2 and 3 as cardiac, gastrointestinal, and peripheral nerve involvement can result from either eosinophilic infiltration and release of toxic granule content, or a true vasculitic complication (such as vasculitis with occlusion of the coronary arteries, the vasa nervorum or GI tract small vessels). Case series and cohort studies have noted variable delays between the prodromal and vasculitic phase ranging from 0 to 61 years with a median of 4–9 years [7,27,28,32].