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A ‘Biomaterial Cookbook’: Biochemically Patterned Substrate to Promote and Control Vascularisation in Vitro and in Vivo
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
Katie M. Kilgour, Brendan L. Turner, Augustus Adams, Stefano Menegatti, Michael A. Daniele
Angiogenesis is the prime method for promoting vascularisation in most ETCs because it harnesses the instructive properties of the existing vascular network. Angiogenesis mainly occurs during tissue development, healing, or inflammation, and can be categorised into sprouting and intussusceptive angiogenesis (van Hinsbergh, 2016). Sprouting angiogenesis is a process where new blood vessels grow from pre-existing ones, whereas intussusceptive angiogenesis is the process of new blood vessels forming by splitting existing vessel into two vessels (van Hinsbergh, 2016), while sprouting angiogenesis is well understood, intussusceptive angiogenesis occurs in the vessel lumen, making it difficult to study.
Characteristics, Events, and Stages in Tumorigenesis
Published in Franklyn De Silva, Jane Alcorn, The Elusive Road Towards Effective Cancer Prevention and Treatment, 2023
Franklyn De Silva, Jane Alcorn
Neovascularization follows from a number of different mechanisms. These include [1106] (Figure 3.7): (i) recruitment of vascular-wall resident endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) or bone marrow hematopoietic cells generated from precursor cells with or without coalescence (i.e., vasculogenesis), (ii) angiogenesis, which involves new blood vessel formation by ECs from prior vessels (i.e., sprouting angiogenesis), (iii) intussusceptive angiogenesis (IA) or microvascular growth, a dynamic intravascular process involving the splitting of vessels by the insertion of tissue pillars or intussusceptive pillars (cylindrical microstructures spanning the lumen of capillaries and small vessels), (iv) vasculogenic mimicry (VM) where malignant cells mimic ECs and form blood vessel-like three-dimensional channels, (v) vessel cooption, which involves the migration of malignant cells along the current vasculature, and (vi) CSC transdifferentiation (i.e., tumor vasculogenesis) where precancerous or tumor vasculogenic stem cells or tumor vasculogenic progenitor cells transdifferentiate to ECs due to an intrinsic stem-like property for blood vessel generation [1106, 1109–1114]. In addition, recent reports identify an ‘angiogenic switch' from conventional ‘sprouting angiogenesis' (SA) to IA under selective pressures like anti-cancer treatment [1115]. This ‘angiogenic switch' is accompanied by sprouting angiogenesis-associated gene down-regulation (e.g., Tie2, EphrinB2, EphrinB4, Notch1, Notch2, Hes5) and intussusceptive angiogenesis associated gene upregulation (e.g., FGF2, SDF-1, CXCR4) [1115]. This reveals the complexity of the pathways involved and hints of concerns with antiangiogenic therapy effectiveness in cancer treatment [1077].
Ramatroban for chemoprophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19: David takes on Goliath
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2022
Kate C. Chiang, John G. Rizk, Deanna J. Nelson, Lakshmanan Krishnamurti, Selvakumar Subbian, John D. Imig, Imran Khan, Srinivasa T. Reddy, Ajay Gupta
Platelet activation in COVID-19 is induced by endothelial damage [13,22]. SARS-CoV-2 infects endothelial cells, causing diffuse endothelialitis, intussusceptive angiogenesis, and impaired microcirculation in vascular beds [13,24,25]. Endothelialitis and pyroptosis lead to the release of microvesicles from infected endothelial cells, which activate leukocytes and platelets through surface interaction, receptor activation, cellular fusion, and the delivery of intra-vesicular cargo [25,26]. Elevated serum levels of soluble P-selectin, von Willebrand factor, soluble thrombomodulin, and soluble CD40L are evidence of endothelial cell injury and platelet activation in severe COVID-19 [22]. In addition, aberrant glycosylation of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike immune complexes activates platelets and stimulates platelet thrombus formation on the von Willebrand factor [27]. This pathophysiology is reminiscent of endothelial-platelet-leukocyte activation and adhesion leading to a prothrombotic state described in sepsis where TxA2 is a crucial mediator [28–30]. Similarly, platelet activation and thromboinflammation in COVID-19 appear to be fueled by a lipid mediator storm, as discussed below.
Extracellular multivesicular bodies in tissues affected by inflammation/repair and tumors
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2018
Lucio Díaz-Flores, Ricardo Gutiérrez, Hugo Alvarez-Argüelles, Lucio Díaz-Flores, Rebeca González, Pablo Martín-Vasallo, José Luis Carrasco
An extensive ultrastructural study of EMVBs in tissues involved in different physiopathological processes with important intercellular communication would be advisable, since EMVBs have only been observed in specific locations and largely in cultures. Repair (mainly repair through granulation tissue) involves many of these processes, including coagulation, inflammation, angiogenesis (sprouting and intussusceptive angiogenesis, with participation of endothelial cells and pericytes), proliferation of mesenchymal cells (CD34+ fibroblasts/telocytes and myofibroblasts), vascular involution and remodeling, and fibrosis.22,23 Likewise, tumors also include numerous physiopathological processes, such as cell dedifferentiation, proliferation, migration, and differentiation, as well as cancer invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and tumor stroma formation.24 Therefore, tissues with inflammation/repair and tumors may provide a substrate for studying the presence and characteristics of EMVBs in these physiopathological conditions.
Angio-Suppressive Effect of Partially Purified Lectin-like Protein from Musa acuminata pseudostem by Inhibition of VEGF-Mediated Neovascularization and Induces Apoptosis Both In Vitro and In Vivo
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2019
Balaji Kyathegowdanadoddi Srinivas, Madhu Chakkere Shivamadhu, Shankar Jayarama
Cancer has become the second leading cause of death worldwide with higher incidence and mortality rates observed each year, especially in the low and middle-income countries. As a fact, one in seven deaths globally is attributed to cancer (1,2). Lifestyle changes with the reduced plant, vegetable and fruit intake and are directly linked to causing the various kinds of cancer and it can be prevented by nutritional adaptations and plant-based supplementations. Around 25%–30% of cancer deaths are directly linked to the food habits and nutrition. The metastatic spread of cancer cells depends on an adequate amount of oxygen, nutrients and the supply of essential growth factors. This helps in the formation of the new blood and lymphatic vessels called angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Tumor growth and metastasis depend on angiogenesis and are triggered by chemical signals from tumor cells in a phase of rapid growth (3). The angiogenic switch is ‘on’ where the interrupted balance between proangiogenic factors enables cancer cells to acquire angiogenic phenotype, which stimulates the sprouting or intussusceptive angiogenesis the preexisting vasculature. Overexpression of many growth factors, mainly vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), PDGF, bFGF, PLGF, TGF-α, TNF-α, IL-18, and so on. Especially VEGF has been considered to play a vital role in the regulation of angiogenesis (4,5). Tumor microenvironment generates an abnormal and excessive neovasculature that eludes apoptosis synergistically which serves as a gateway for the propagation of cancer cells, causing tumor development and metastasis (6,7). This dependence of cancer cell proliferation on angiogenesis marked the development of various therapeutic agents, targeting angiogenesis, which is important in the field of cancer biology. The current chemotherapeutic drugs have a range of adverse complications. Plant-derived fruits and vegetable components are developed as a novel method in the prevention of various kinds of malignancy with a target specific action due to their multi pharmacological action as they have diverse Phyto compositions (8). Various epidemiological studies have demonstrated the cancer chemopreventive effect, derived from these sources, which hold the greatest prospects in targeting angiogenesis and induction of apoptosis.