China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Anatomy of Neck and Blood Supply of Brain
Published in Sudhir K. Gupta, Forensic Pathology of Asphyxial Deaths, 2022
All these collateral arteries play a very vital role in maintaining the blood supply to the brain when the internal carotid artery occludes due to an external compressing force like a ligature in the neck.
Vascular Surgery
Published in Tjun Tang, Elizabeth O'Riordan, Stewart Walsh, Cracking the Intercollegiate General Surgery FRCS Viva, 2020
Yiu-Che Chan, John Wang, Julian Wong, Edward Choke, Tjun Tang
Carotids: The study of Murad et al.23 included 13 RCTs involving both symptomatic (80%) and asymptomatic patients. It concluded that carotid artery stenting is associated with an increased risk of any stroke and decreased risk of myocardial infarct compared to CEA.ACST-124 assessed the long-term effects of CEA for asymptomatic carotid stenoses. CEA was found to reduce 10-year stroke risks in patients younger than 75 years of age.The ACST-2 trial to compare CEA with carotid artery stenting in the prevention of stroke in patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis is now open and aims to recruit over 5,000 patients.CREST is a study comparing carotid stenting with protection device and open surgery. However, it doesn't show superiority. Also stroke risk is slightly higher for stenting but MI risk is lower. Although the study claims the outcomes are similar but it you isolate stroke risk alone, it's still inferior. This has generated a lot of discussion both pro and con advice on both treatments.
Spectral CT Imaging Using MARS Scanners
Published in Katsuyuki Taguchi, Ira Blevis, Krzysztof Iniewski, Spectral, Photon Counting Computed Tomography, 2020
Aamir Y. Raja, Steven P. Gieseg, Sikiru A. Adebileje, Steven D. Alexander, Maya R. Amma, Fatemeh Asghariomabad, Ali Atharifard, Benjamin Bamford, Stephen T. Bell, Srinidhi Bheesette, Anthony P. H. Butler, Philip H. Butler, Pierre Carbonez, Alexander I. Chernoglazov, Shishir Dahal, Jérôme Damet, Niels J. A. de Ruiter, Robert M. N. Doesburg, Brian P. Goulter, Joseph L. Healy, Praveen K. Kanithi, Stuart P. Lansley, Chiara Lowe, V. B. H. Mandalika, Emmanuel Marfo, Aysouda Matanaghi, Mahdieh Moghiseh, Raj K. Panta, Hannah M. Prebble, Nanette Schleich, Emily Searle, Jereena S. Sheeja, Rayhan Uddin, Lieza Vanden Broeke, V. S. Vivek, E. Peter Walker, Michael F. Walsh, Manoj Wijesooriya
Patients with advanced unstable plaques identified following a stroke are often treated by carotid endarterectomy, a surgical procedure where the carotid artery is cut open and the plaque tissue is peeled off the artery muscle layer. This surgery has a significant risk associated with it, so surgeons prefer to operate only when there is a clear risk to the patient from further rupture events. The current imaging techniques, though, provide only limited indications of the plaque stability with much of the decision based on level of stenosis, calcification, and the patient's general health for surgery. MARS imaging of excised atheroma, under typical clinical x-ray dose and energy levels, has shown that the key features of these vulnerable plaques can be clearly seen [6, 18, 92, 93].
Evaluation of Cerebral Vasomotor Reactivity by Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound in Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy
Published in Neuro-Ophthalmology, 2023
Aslı Yaman Kula, Çiğdem Deniz, Tuğçe Özdemir Gültekin, Muhammed Altinisik, Talip Asil
Patient history was obtained, and physical examination was performed in all patients. Age, gender, duration of DM, cerebrovascular risk factors, current medications, premorbid conditions, family history, and habits were recorded. The following tests were performed in all patients: fasting blood glucose; post-prandial 2-hour glucose; HbA1c; low-density lipoprotein (LDL); triglycerides; creatinine; aspartate aminotransferase (AST); alanine aminotransferase (ALT); urinary micro-albumin; vitamin B12; and haemoglobin. Also, electrocardiography (ECG) recordings were obtained. The presence of carotid artery disease was screened at the study entry with left and right carotid Doppler ultrasound examination (General Electric Logic 9R4) in all patients. Patients were excluded if they had significant narrowing (>50%) in one or both of their carotid arteries. This was followed by the BHI test using a SONORA TCD system (CareFusion, San Diego, CA, USA).
Bioinformatics analysis reveals the landscape of immune cell infiltration and immune-related pathways participating in the progression of carotid atherosclerotic plaques
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2021
Liao Tan, Qian Xu, Ruizheng Shi, Guogang Zhang
Carotid artery disease, caused by a buildup of atherosclerotic plaque inside the arterial wall, is one of the most important causes of cerebrovascular disease [1]. During carotid plaque formation, early-stage lesions may be asymptomatic, but the intermediate and advanced stages are more severe and comparatively more likely to rupture, leading to thrombus formation in the carotid artery, a frequent cause of ischaemic cerebrovascular events [2]. Many factors, such as oxidative stress and inflammation, have been found to participate in the progression from early to advanced stage plaque [3]. The infiltration of inflammatory cells and activation of immune-related pathways are critical features in plaque progression [4]. Several types of immune cells, such as lymphocytes [5], natural killer T cells [5], and T cells [6,7] are involved in plaque progression. In addition, inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 have been reported to play a critical role in the development of plaques [6]. However, the changes in immune cell types from the early to advanced plaque stages are still unclear. In addition, the underlying mechanisms regulating the development of carotid atherosclerotic plaques are still unclear.
Nanotechnological approach to delivering nutraceuticals as promising drug candidates for the treatment of atherosclerosis
Published in Drug Delivery, 2021
Sindhu C. Pillai, Ankita Borah, Eden Mariam Jacob, D. Sakthi Kumar
Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), also known as coronary angioplasty, is performed by opening narrowed coronary arteries to place a stent thus improving the blood flow to the heart and mitigating chest pain. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) involves the grafting of a new artery to bypass the narrowed coronary arteries while boosting blood flow and preventing heart attacks. In the list of surgical methods, carotid endarterectomy is a common surgical process that involves the correction of the internal carotid artery by removing plaque build-up eventually restoring the blood flow to the brain. Surgical procedures of the blood vessel-blockade have achieved clinical success for many years, yet are also associated with numerous complications such as restenosis, in-stent restenosis, and late-stage clotting to name a few (Giannini et al., 2018).