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Rhinology and Facial Plastics
Published in Adnan Darr, Karan Jolly, Jameel Muzaffar, ENT Vivas, 2023
Adnan Darr, Karan Jolly, Shahzada Ahmed, Claire Hopkins
External carotid artery ligation: Incision two finger breadths below angle of mandible, dividing platysma and raising bilateral flapsDissect anterior border of SCM and retract to demonstrate carotid sheathIdentify CCA and place sling, dissect superiorly to bifurcation, and ECA is superficial and medialNB: STA and APA must be identified before tying off ECA with Silk ties. Do not divide
Cardiorespiratory system
Published in Helen Butler, Neel Sharma, Tiago Villanueva, Student Success in Anatomy - SBAs and EMQs, 2022
37 A branchial cyst is an embryological remnant of a branchial cleft, which presents as a cystic mass in the anterior triangle of the neck. Which of the following statements regarding the anatomy of the neck is NOT correct? The anterior triangle contains the submandibular lymph nodes and hypoglossal nerve.The sternal head of the sternocleidomastoid muscle attaches to the manubrium, while its clavicular head is attached to the medial third of the clavicle.The maxillary and superficial temporal arteries are the terminal branches of the external carotid artery.Platysma is supplied by the cervical branch of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII).The medial border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, the clavicle and the trapezius muscle form the borders of the anterior triangle.
Anatomy of the head and neck
Published in Helen Whitwell, Christopher Milroy, Daniel du Plessis, Forensic Neuropathology, 2021
The upper part of the face and scalp is supplied by the terminal branches of the external carotid artery. The deep facial structures are supplied by the maxillary artery, which passes deep to the mandible. The superficial temporal artery passes upwards to supply the temporal region. The transverse facial artery is a branch of this artery that runs medially across the face, supplying the cheek structures. Small supraorbital and supratrochlear arteries, branches of the ophthalmic branch of the internal carotid artery, supply the forehead and anterior scalp.
Treatment of intractable epistaxis in patients with nasopharyngeal cancer
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Xiaojing Yang, Hanru Ren, Minghua Li, Yueqi Zhu, Weitian Zhang, Jie Fu
The primary blood supply to the posterior wall of the nasopharynx and pharyngeal recess area is provided by the ascending pharyngeal artery. This artery arises from the external carotid artery, with some branches originating from the ICA or occipital artery [37]. The pterygoid artery, a secondary branch of the pharyngeal artery from the internal maxillary artery, supplies blood to the front of the nasopharynx, front of the pharyngeal crypt, and cartilage of the Eustachian tube. If the ascending iliac artery is absent, it can be replaced by a descending branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery. The branches of the maxillary artery from the external carotid artery are distributed on the top and posterior walls of the nasopharynx, the side walls of the nasopharynx, and the nasal floor near the posterior nostril of the nasal cavity [38]. The superficial blood supply of the pharyngeal recess of the nasopharynx is primarily through the branches of the external carotid artery and ascending pharyngeal artery. Nasopharyngeal bleeding can occur due to rupture of the ascending pharyngeal recess.
Fraxetin protects rat brains from the cerebral stroke via promoting angiogenesis and activating PI3K/Akt pathway
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2022
Yuhuan Cui, Meihong Liu, Li Zuo, Haiyan Wang, Jian Liu
The Sprague Dawley rats were randomly separated into three average groups including sham group, model group, and fraxetin-50 group. After anesthesia by intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg pentobarbital sodium, all rats were prepared for establishing ischemia and reperfusion rat models. Specifically, rats were put on a heat pad (XR-YLS-20A, XinRun Information Technology Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China) to maintain body temperature at 37 °C and placed at decubitus supine position. Next, their right common carotid artery (CCA) was exposed and separated carefully. Then the CCA was ligated at the more proximal side through a right paramedian incision. The external carotid artery (ECA) was also ligated. The occipital artery and the pterygopalatine artery were coagulated. Ischemia was produced by advancing the tip of a rounded 3-0 suture (SXMD2B408, Ethicon, New Brunswick, NJ) into the ICA through the ECA. After placement for 2 h, the intraluminal suture was secured with suture tied around the ECA. Reperfusion was produced by withdrawal of the intraluminal suture. In the sham group, the ECA was surgically prepared for the insertion of the filament, but the filament was not inserted [26]. After 24-h reperfusion, the rat samples were evaluated through multiple experiments. The fraxetin was intragastrically administrated with a dosage of 50 mg/kg/d for 14 d in fraxetin-50 group. The ischemia and reperfusion operations were carried out 1 h after the last intragastrical administration of fraxetin.
Contribution of Human Trophoblast Progenitor Cells to Neurogenesis in Rat Focal Cerebral Ischemia Model
Published in Brain Injury, 2021
Kerem Yanar, Muge Molbay, Eylem Özaydın-Goksu, Gozde Unek, Emre Cetindağ, Ali Unal, Emin Turkay Korgun
After the animals were anesthetized with 4% isoflurane, a ventral midline incision was performed under a stereoscopic microscope and the surface connective tissue was dissected. After the glandular tissue was separated by blunt dissection, blunt dissection was continued until the carotid artery was found from the left side of the tracheal muscle. The two branches of the external carotid artery (ECA) were ligated with the occipital artery and the superior thyroid artery 6/0 suture and cut with a catheter. The ECA was tied as distally as possible with a 6/0 suture. The micro clamps were placed near the joints of the common carotid artery (CCA) and the internal carotid artery (ICA). Arteriotomy was performed between the two sutures at ECA. The 2.0–2.2 cm 4/0 monofilament nylon suture, a 2.0 mm long, 0.39 mm diameter silicon type, was pushed into the ECA lumen into the region where the micro clamp was toward CCA. The suture around the ECA was tightened and the location of the nylon suture was stabilized, and bleeding was prevented. The micro clamp in the ICA was then slowly removed and the nylon suture was pushed from the ECA to the ICA lumen until it reached the middle cerebral artery (MCA). After 90 minutes of occlusion, the micro clamp in CCA was removed and the skin was closed with a 3/0 suture. Under the red light, the animal was expected to wake up from anesthesia.