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Extrapulmonary – Treatable traits
Published in Vibeke Backer, Peter G. Gibson, Ian D. Pavord, The Asthmas, 2023
Vibeke Backer, Peter G. Gibson, Ian D. Pavord
Baseline fitness levels could be evaluated with the 6MWT or MST. A strong correlation has been found between the MST and VO2peak (r = 0.79) and these values are measured in patients with unstable severe asthma. The main objective of ergometric stress testing, aside from the diagnostic evaluation of clinical manifestations (dyspnoea, dizziness, exhaustion, pain, etc.), is to measure parameters relating to exercise physiology to assess performance capacity. The main parameters to be measured and monitored include the performance achieved (in watts or km/h), heart rate (HR), ECG for ischemic changes, arterial blood pressure (BP), lactate concentration (Lac) and the spiro-ergometric parameters of oxygen uptake (VO2), which includes carbon dioxide release (VCO2), respiratory quotient (RQ = VO2/VCO2), respiratory rate (RR), respiratory minute volume (VE), and respiratory equivalent (RE = VE/VO2). Cardiovascular fitness can be measured as peak or maximal oxygen uptake (absolute and relative VO2peak/max) and peak power output (Wpeak). Fitness score is calculated as VO2peak/kg. When assessed in accordance with guidelines, these measurements are stable (with few exceptions) and can be used to evaluate change over time, from baseline to follow-up or examination change due to treatment.
Physical Activity and Youth
Published in James M. Rippe, Increasing Physical Activity, 2020
There is a strong relationship between regular physical activity and cardiovascular fitness in youth and children both between the ages of 3–6 and 6–17. Increased physical activity can be achieved in a variety of ways, all of which have been shown to improve cardiovascular fitness (26–28). These include after-school interventions and organized training programs. The latter have been shown to improve cardiovascular fitness in children in more effective ways than general physical activity programs. These programs typically involve physical activity or exercise on three or more days a week for 30–60 minutes at 50–90% VO2 max or heart rate (HR) max. The added benefit of childhood physical activity programs is that they set a positive habit that is likely to carry into adulthood.
Obesity
Published in Geoffrey P. Webb, Nutrition, 2019
Barry et al. did a meta-analysis of ten studies to test the effects of fitness and BMI classification on all-cause mortality. They look at mortality in six categories of BMI and fitness in the combined data from these studies. The hazard ratios they obtained are shown in Table 9.17. This data suggests that cardiovascular fitness substantially reduces or even eliminates the risk of being overweight or obese. Of course, high BMI and low CRF caused by lack of exercise tend to go together i.e. most obese people also have low levels of CRF.
Leisure time and occupational physical activity, overall and cardiovascular mortality: a 24-year follow-up in the OPERA study
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Asla Suutari-Jääskö, Karri Parkkila, Juha Perkiömäki, Heikki Huikuri, Y. Antero Kesäniemi, Olavi H. Ukkola
Our study showed that LTPA but not OPA predicted the risk of HF. Study subjects who did not exercise (“no-exercise”) at their leisure time had a higher risk to develop heart failure than those who exercised regularly over 30 min in 3 days per week (“heavy regular”). Our findings highlight the importance of LTPA in heart function preservation. Even though the incidence of CVD events seemed to be increased in the “heavy” OPA group the risk of heart failure was not increased. HF is still a moderately frequent complication of myocardial infarction despite advanced treatments in the past decades [37]. Previous studies have reported that endurance training improves left ventricular function and overall cardiovascular fitness [38]. Studies have noted that a higher amount of overall physical activity or physical activity separated by LTPA and OPA reduces the risk of heart failure. Moreover, overall cardiovascular fitness is associated with a reduced risk of heart failure [39]. Combining different types of physical activity increases the risk of heart failure [40]. This finding is seen in our study, even though the overall LTPA even in the “heavy regular” group was relatively small compared to WHO recommendations.
Water-based therapeutic exercise in stroke: a scoping review
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2023
O. J. Manning, S. Rancourt, J. R. Tomasone, M. Finlayson, V. DePaul
Water-based exercise is an approach that has the potential to allow stroke survivors to complete graded practice of standing, walking, and balance-related tasks in a safe and accessible yet challenging environment [41]. The supportive environment of the water may allow for a decreased need for physical assistance and therefore increase the opportunity to complete balance and walking related training. Though many terms are utilized in the literature such as water-based exercise, hydrotherapy, hydrokinesiology, or aquatic therapy; water-based exercise is predominant. Activities completed in this setting are structured, planned, and intended to improve various areas of fitness (strength, flexibility, cardiovascular fitness), which is in line with current definitions of exercise [42]. However, to distinguish it from a general exercise program (such as water aerobics) these authors feel that water-based therapeutic exercise is the most appropriate term as the goal often is not only to improve fitness in some way, but also to optimize function and movement [43].
Motivators for patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders to start and maintain exercising: a qualitative interview study
Published in European Journal of Physiotherapy, 2022
Veronica Karlsson, Louise Danielsson
Physical activity has been emphasised in national and international guidelines as a way to counteract metabolic risk factors and increase general well-being [8–10]. Low cardiovascular fitness is associated with poorer cognitive function and overall health [11,12]. Exercise, here defined as regular and systematic physical activity to increase or maintain fitness [13], improves depressive symptoms, cognition, and fitness, and might have a positive influence on psychotic symptoms [14,15]. Positive health effects following 90 min of weekly physical exercise have been demonstrated in people with schizophrenia [16]. Only about 50% of the people diagnosed with schizophrenia are physically active according to public health recommendations, which means 150 min/week at moderate intensity or 75 min/week at high intensity [17,18]. Suggested reasons for low levels of physical activity are psychotic symptoms, lack of motivation, fatigue, and the side effects of medication. Different approaches in addressing the low levels of physical activity are suggested. One way is to try to do regular physical activities or exercise sessions: another recently suggested approach is to focus on avoiding sedentary behaviour at home [16,17], that is, to reduce the time spent sitting or lying down.