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Acoustically Reflective Nanoparticles for Tumor Diagnosis
Published in D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija, Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023
R. G. Aswathy, D. Sakthi Kumar
Echogenic liposomes (ELIPs) are versatile ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) composed of air and an aqueous core encapsulated by a lipid shell. The ELIP shell is mechanically stabilized with biocompatible phospholipids for improved persistence in the biological fluids. The air pockets present in the lipid bilayer create acoustic reflectivity [55]. Targeted ELIPs for US detection and enhancement of vasoactive atheroma and pathologic constituents of endothelium have been developed (Figure 5.2). Atheroma is the degeneration of the walls of the arteries affected by the accumulation of fat and scar tissue that ultimately leads to the restriction of the circulation of blood and resulting in the risk of thrombosis. ELIP developed against several inflammatory markers, such as anti-intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (anti-ICAM1), anti-vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (anti-VCAM1), anti-fibrin, anti-fibrinogen, and anti-tissue factor (anti-TF) has been reported. Liposomes that were targeted accrued at atheroma and signal augmentation was observed 5 min after i.v. injection in the swine model [56]. Efficient recognition of molecular constituents permits staging of atheroma, which can improve the therapeutic strategies.
Cardiovascular disease
Published in Sally Robinson, Priorities for Health Promotion and Public Health, 2021
Atheroma is a fatty plaque made up of cell debris, calcium, fibrin and cholesterol carried in the blood. Raised levels of blood cholesterol leads to the creation and accumulation of atheroma. High blood cholesterol is encouraged by diet and excess body fat.
Cardiac surgery
Published in Roy Palmer, Diana Wetherill, Medicine for Lawyers, 2020
Atheroma is made of a fatty material which may become deposited underneath the intimal lining of all arteries in the body, producing narrowing (stenosis) and obstruction to blood flow. Its presence in the coronary arteries causes angina and myocardial infarction and can be demonstrated by coronary arteriography. Many cases can be effectively dealt with by the cardiologist, who uses a balloon catheter to dilate the stenoses and stents to keep them open. Unfortunately this has meant that the simpler cases are ‘creamed off’, leaving only the more complicated ones for the surgeon.
Current perspectives on the clinical management of cryptogenic stroke
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2023
Dixon Yang, Mitchell S. V. Elkind
Longitudinal population-based studies have had conflicting results regarding the exact relationship between aortic atheroma and cryptogenic stroke due to methodological differences [100]. In the Stroke Prevention: Assessment of Risk in the Community (SPARC) study of over 1100 participants who had TEE, complex aortic atheroma (>4 mm in thickness with or without mobile debris) was not associated with cryptogenic stroke, but rather thought to be a marker generalized atherosclerosis [101]. Conversely, in a prospective case–control study by Amarenco and colleagues, those with aortic atheroma ≥4 mm identified by TEE had a ninefold increase in the odds for ischemic stroke overall (95% CI: 3.3–25.2) and about 5-times increased odds for cryptogenic infarcts (95% CI: 2.2–10.1), independent of atherosclerotic risk factors [102]. Other case–control studies have also reported thick or protruding aortic plaque, ulceration, or mobile components to be associated with ischemic stroke [103,104]. Together, it is difficult to tease out if aortic atheroma is a bystander index of atherosclerotic disease or the culprit lesion for stroke. There is likely a combination of both in the community.
Evaluation of Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Biomarkers Pre and Post-Treatment in New Diagnosed Atherosclerotic Patients
Published in Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 2022
Ahmet Belce, Beyza Nur Ozkan, Fatma Sena Dumlu, Behice Hande Sisman, Eray Metin Guler
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory arterial disease. Atheroma and characteristic plaques are formed due to lipid accumulation in the arterial walls. Acute rupture of these atheromatous plaques causes local thrombosis, which leads to partial or complete occlusion of the artery (3). It is characterized by lipid accumulation in the arterial wall, increased hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and protein oxidation (4). Its main clinical manifestation includes ischemia, acute coronary syndromes, unstable angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, and stroke (5). Many cells and cytokines such as macrophages, T and B lymphocyte cells, dendritic cells, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, ILs, adhesion molecules, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) cause the formation of the atherosclerotic process (6).
Cardioprotective potential of Spinacia oleracea (Spinach) against isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Vandana Panda, Nikhil Bhandare, Kinjal Mistry, Sudhamani S., Payal Dande
C-reactive protein (CRP), an acute phase protein is released into the blood within a few hours after tissue injury, inflammation or tissue death. It may also directly promote monocyte activation by stimulating the release of cytokines such as IL-1b, IL-6, and TNF-α. CRP is proatherogenic in monocyte/macrophages, because it increases tissue factor expression, promotes monocyte chemotaxis and adhesion to endothelial cells, release of ROS and matrix metalloproteinase-1, and the uptake of oxidised low-density lipoprotein, leading to increased foam cell formation (Torzewski et al. 2000). Foam cells form the fatty streaks of the plaques of atheroma in the tunica intima of arteries. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is an inflammatory cytokine synthesised in various blood, endothelial and smooth muscle cells, and in cardiac myocytes. It modulates a number of inflammatory processes which are involved in the development of MI due to its negative inotropic action, among others (Yokoyama et al. 1993). Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a key cytokine in the initiation of the acute-phase reaction that accompanies MI. It is thought to be involved in left ventricular dysfunction by means of several inflammatory processes (Gotsman et al. 2008). In the present study, serum CRP, TNF- α and IL-6 were found to be elevated in the ISO-infarcted rats due to the inflammatory processes occurring in MI induced by ISO and were attenuated successfully by NAOE treatment suggesting a potent anti-inflammatory action of its phytoconstituents.