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Risk factors – Treatable traits
Published in Vibeke Backer, Peter G. Gibson, Ian D. Pavord, The Asthmas, 2023
Vibeke Backer, Peter G. Gibson, Ian D. Pavord
Obesity is assessed by measuring both body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference. Waist circumference is a good predictor of visceral adiposity, with abdominal obesity associated with an increased risk of a number of diseases including cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer. BMI can be used to stratify treatment approaches (Figure 4.4). BMI >25 indicates a person is overweight. BMI >30 indicates obesity, whereas a BMI >35 indicated morbid obesity.
Cancer
Published in Gia Merlo, Kathy Berra, Lifestyle Nursing, 2023
Although BMI is commonly used as a measure of adiposity, especially in large observational studies, it is imperfect, particularly in the elderly and certain other groups. Waist circumference measures abdominal fatness, although it cannot differentiate subcutaneous fat versus the visceral fat linked to hyperinsulinemia and inflammation. AICR recommends a waist circumference no larger than 37 inches (94 cm) in men, and 31.5 inches (80 cm) in women (World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research, 2018). Waist circumference thresholds signaling risk are lower for people of Asian ethnicity (Alberti et al., 2009; World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research, 2018), and other ethnicity-related differences in fat distribution and body composition need research. Unintentional adult weight gain can also be a marker of excess body fat, and it is particularly linked with risk of postmenopausal breast cancer (World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research, 2018).
Cooking for Diabetes Prevention
Published in Nicole M. Farmer, Andres Victor Ardisson Korat, Cooking for Health and Disease Prevention, 2022
Andres Victor Ardisson Korat, Grace Rivers
Consumption of fruits and vegetables is modestly associated with reduced risk of T2D, independent of overall dietary patterns and adiposity. A meta-analysis of observational studies found that for every 100 g/day increment, fruit and vegetable consumption was associated with a 2% decrease of T2D risk (Schwingshackl et al., 2017). Fiber intake and the rich antioxidant content of many fruits and vegetables are believed to be responsible for their beneficial properties (Weickert & Pfeiffer, 2018). Habitual fruit consumption has been associated with favorable profiles of anthropometric indices, particularly decreased weight changes and waist circumference (Schwingshackl, Hoffmann, et al., 2015). A separate cross-sectional study found that participants who regularly consumed fruits and leafy vegetables had lower levels of Hb1Ac than those who reported not consuming fruits and vegetables (Sargeant et al., 2001). Cooking and preparation methods for most vegetables can be found in Chapter 2, Effects of Food Processing, Storage, and Manufacturing on Nutrients.
Effect of simplified dietary advice on nutritional status and uremic toxins in chronic kidney disease participants
Published in South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2022
Zarina Ebrahim, Griet Glorieux, M Rafique Moosa, Renée Blaauw
Anthropometric measurements included: weight and height, waist circumference, triceps skinfold and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) using standard measuring techniques.26 A calibrated Seca scale (Seca GmbH, Hamburg, Germany) was used to measure weight, while a Seca stadiometer was used to measure height, a plastic measuring tape was used for the waist circumference and MUAC and a Harpenden Caliper (Baty International, Burgess Hill, UK) was used to measure triceps skinfold. Three measurements were performed, and the average was recorded. The body mass index (BMI) was calculated by dividing the weight by the height squared. The BMI and waist circumference were interpreted according to World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines.27 Mid-upper arm circumference was interpreted using standard measures.28 Triceps skinfold was recorded.
Brazil nut prevents oxidative DNA damage in type 2 diabetes patients
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Tamires Pavei Macan, Thais Aquino de Amorim, Adriani Paganini Damiani, Ângela Caroline da Luz Beretta, Marina Lummertz Magenis, Thais Ceresér Vilela, João Paulo Teixeira, Vanessa Moraes de Andrade
The World Health Organization refers to a waist circumference equal to or greater than 94 cm in men and 80 cm in women as a cutoff value for increased cardiovascular risk. Waist circumference is a reliable indicator of visceral adiposity and is also strongly associated with insulin resistance (Lim et al. 2015). All participants in this study were overweight or obese, according to the body mass index classification, and showed increased waist circumference before and after the supplementation treatment, suggesting increased risk of metabolic complications associated with obesity. According to Setayesh et al. (2018), there is a causal relation between excess body weight and DNA damage, which is strongly supported by results of mechanistic studies that indicate that several modes of action may cause genetic instability in overweight/obese individuals, including inhibition of DNA repair process, reduction of telomere length, and an imbalance of the redox status.
Modifiable factors and their association with self-reported knee function and activity after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2021
Rebecca Joan Galea-O’Neill, Andrea Maree Bruder, Jimmy Goulis, Nora Shields
Limited evidence from one study indicated a small inverse relationship between BMI and self-reported knee-related quality of life, however another study reported BMI did not predict ACL graft rupture following ACLR. These data do not allow us to definitively determine the influence of weight on ACLR outcome. These results must also be interpreted with caution as there was no differentiation between body fat and muscle mass when calculating BMI (Rothman, 2008; Wells and Fewtrell, 2006). BMI may be overestimated among shorter individuals or those with a high amount of muscle mass so research suggests that waist circumference may be a better assessment of obesity rather than BMI (Janssen, Katzmarzyk, and Ross, 2004). Despite low-level evidence in this review, there is emerging evidence from other trials (Culvenor et al., 2015; Jones and Spindler, 2017) that being overweight is related to poorer outcomes. Future research should consider measuring waist circumference to more accurately determine the effect of obesity on ACLR outcomes.