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Adapting Injection Techniques to Different Regions
Published in Yates Yen-Yu Chao, Sebastian Cotofana, Anand V Chytra, Nicholas Moellhoff, Zeenit Sheikh, Adapting Dermal Fillers in Clinical Practice, 2022
Yates Yen-Yu Chao, Sebastian Cotofana, Nicholas Moellhoff
The labiomandibular sulcus is an area of great aesthetic interest as its treatment influences not only the oral region but also the midface and the lower face regions. The sulcus is anatomically formed very similarly to the nasolabial sulcus: muscles of facial expression insert into the skin and form a natural boundary. This natural boundary determines the jowl formation posterior to the sulcus and the depth of the pre-jowl sulcus anterior to it. Due to its close muscular interaction with the depressor anguli oris muscle, it affects the position of the corner of the mouth with an increased muscle tone resulting in its depression.
Examination of Pediatric Shoulder
Published in Nirmal Raj Gopinathan, Clinical Orthopedic Examination of a Child, 2021
The Feagin test is a modification of the sulcus sign test with the arm abducted to 90° and is supported on the examiner’s shoulders. This test can be done either in a sitting or standing position. The examiner’s hands are clasped together over the patient’s humerus, between the upper and middle thirds. The examiner pushes the humerus down and forward. A sulcus may be seen as described before. If both the sulcus sign and Feagin test are positive, it is a greater indication of multidirectional instability.
The nervous system
Published in Laurie K. McCorry, Martin M. Zdanowicz, Cynthia Y. Gonnella, Essentials of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology for Pharmacy and Allied Health, 2019
Laurie K. McCorry, Martin M. Zdanowicz, Cynthia Y. Gonnella
The cerebral cortex is not a smooth surface but, instead, is highly folded and has a furrowed appearance (see Figure 13.3). A convolution formed by these folds is referred to as a gyrus (pl. gyri). Each gyrus is separated from another by a sulcus (pl. sulci), which is a shallow groove, or a fissure, which is a deeper groove. The functional importance of gyri, sulci, and fissures is they significantly increase the surface area of the cerebral cortex, providing space for a greater number of neurons.
Nineteenth- and twentieth-century brain maps relating to locations and constructions of brain functions
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2022
They show broad cortical areas giving similar responses. On the left is a composite from different subjects of movements of the tongue, hand, arm, and so on. On the right are reports of sensations in those areas. The thick, black, slightly diagonal line represents the central sulcus. To its right is the precentral motor area. To its left is the postcentral somatosensory area. The composites show the extent of the areas that were associated with movements and sensations of these body parts. The composite also shows the extent of overlap of the areas and shows them crossing the central sulcus.6Penfield initially attempted to align his results with the cytoarchitectonical work of German neurologist Oskar Vogt (1870–1959), French neurologist Cécile Vogt-Mugnier (1875–1962), and German neurologist Korbinian Brodmann (1868–1918), but found it limiting (Guenther 2016). A brain map following the cytoarchitectonic approach was published. It showed the places in postcentral field (Brodmann’s 3,1,2) that when stimulated showed “sensory aura” in various body parts. That aura “often spread like a wave over that side of the body” (Foerster and Penfield, 1930, 100). Very much aware of the idiosyncrasies of individual subjects, Penfield later oriented his data points with respect to the Sylvian and median longitudinal fissures and the central sulcus rather than architectonic areas, producing the results seen in Figure 8.
Impact of copper oxide nanoparticles on the cerebral cortex of adult male albino rats and the potential protective role of crocin
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2021
Sarah Mohamed Mowafy, Abdelmonem Awad Hegazy, Dalia A. Mandour, Samaa Salah Abd El-Fatah
In Group IV, light microscopic examination of cerebellar sections revealed loss of normal architecture of the cerebellum. Some sulci were wide with congested blood vessels inside them. The molecular layer revealed marked degeneration with loss of most of their cells and the presence of vacuoles. Some neural cells in the molecular layer showed pyknotic nuclei. Loss of most cells in the Purkinje cell layer was found leaving empty spaces between the molecular and granular layers. Meanwhile, some Purkinje cells showed multilayer disarrangements. Other cells also revealed small irregular darkly stained pyknotic nuclei and ghost cells. The nuclei of Bergmann astrocytes were observed in addition to the Purkinje cells. The inner granular layer showed degeneration with many granule cells with pyknotic nuclei and widening of the cerebellar islands. This layer also became thin. Vacuolations were observed in different layers of the cerebellar cortex. Many vacuoles were observed in the white matter (Figures 1 & 2).
Seizure and cognitive outcomes of posterior quadrantic disconnection: a series of 12 pediatric patients
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2020
Yao Wang, Chao Zhang, Xiu Wang, Lin Sang, Feng Zhou, Jian-Guo Zhang, Wen-Han Hu, Kai Zhang
Similar to the description of Daniel et al.,2 the surgeries in our centre included the following procedures:(1) Stage I: Periinsular window: After a ‘barn-door’ incision on the scalp, the bone flap was cut and the dura was cut open. The superior temporal gyrus (T1) was coagulated approximately 5–8 mm from the sylvian fissure. Then, the full length of the T1 was cut open and removed. The full length of the inferior limiting sulcus was exposed. Along the inferior limiting sulcus, the temporal stem was disconnected towards the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle. Towards the posterior part of the temporal horn, the atrium was exposed. In this region, it was easy to locate the cortex of the parietal operculum and posterior superior limiting sulcus. After disconnection of the posterior corona radiata through the posterior superior limiting sulcus, the body of the lateral ventricle was exposed.