China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Protocol for Standardized Data Collection in Humans
Published in U. Snekhalatha, K. Palani Thanaraj, Kurt Ammer, Artificial Intelligence-Based Infrared Thermal Image Processing and Its Applications, 2023
U. Snekhalatha, K. Palani Thanaraj, Kurt Ammer
It can be expected that the level of ambient temperature, the size of the skin area exposed to the ambient medium, and the time interval of unclothing affects infrared-based skin temperature readings. Few studies related these theoretical foundations to clinical skin temperature measurements. Khallaf et al. (1994) reported the temperature distribution of the face in seven volunteers dressed in their everyday clothing obtained at two defined room temperatures. Thermal images of the face in the anterior and the lateral view were recorded with an Agema 780M after the subjects had acclimated for 45 minutes to the room temperature of 22°C. The examination room was then cooled to a lower ambient temperature and the subjects were acclimated to this new temperature of 20°C for 40–60 minutes before thermal image capturing was repeated. Before each infrared scan, the sublingual temperature was measured by an electronic thermometer. Spot temperature measurements were made at 12 anatomical sites (Figure 2.3). Interestingly, the decrease in skin temperature varied between the anatomical sites (Table 2.2). Only at measurement point “oral,’’ the mean temperature decay was almost the same as the reduction in ambient temperature. At the site’s inner canthus and meatus where maximal temperatures were obtained, the temperature was on average decreased between 0.45 and 0.64°C. The coldest part of the face was the tip of the nose, followed by the ear lobe. The mean drop in nose temperature was 4.1 ± 2°C, while the ear lobe changed only by 1.6 ± 1.3°C.
Signs of Pressure Sores
Published in J G Webster, Prevention of Pressure Sores, 2019
Skin temperature, on the other hand, is governed by the blood flow through it as opposed to its amount (Goller et al 1971, Barnes 1967). At any moment, the skin’s temperature is a function of the amount of heat flow to it from within the body and the amount of losses or gains through the surface by conduction, convection, and infrared radiation.
Experience of NMR Exposure Conditions
Published in Bertil R. R. Persson, Freddy Ståhlberg, Health and Safety of Clinical NMR Examinations, 2019
Bertil R. R. Persson, Freddy Ståhlberg
The protocol for the human volunteers in a 1.5-T NMR system included a 20-min period with no Rf at the beginning and end of the 1-hr experiment with a 20-min period of Rf exposure at 4 W/kg in the middle. It was observed that core temperature rose 0.3°C during the Rf exposure and then fell 0.15°C in the ensuing 20 min. The highest increase in skin temperature was 3°C, but no temperature exceeded 39°C. Heart rate, respiratory rate, metabolic rate, blood pressure, and blood and urine anlayses were unchanged in this experiment. Thus, Rf exposure levels of up to 4 W/kg during 20 min seems not to pose any significant risk due to increase in core temperature in normal human volunteers.
Moving in a hotter world: Maintaining adequate childhood fitness as a climate change countermeasure
Published in Temperature, 2023
Children would thus benefit on multiple fronts to a heat acclimation protocol in terms of acute, physiological responses (e.g. lower resting core temperatures, lower cardiovascular strain due to plasma volume expansion, etc.) but also in terms of behavioral queues (e.g. thirst sensation). For example, Schlader reiterated in his article, that in animal-based research, there are repeated examples where behavior is the more (most) preferred, powerful, and diverse thermoregulatory response [102] compared to physiological adaptation per se. In their model, the importance of skin temperature is highlighted to stress that one’s behavior to changes in skin temperature can effectively modulate overall temperature regulation. Unfortunately for children, there is very little information on how they “perceive” heat, cold, changes in their internal body temperature, to what extent skin temperature may modify their responses, or whether (if given the opportunity) they are able to make sound behavioral choices based on how they feel (Figure 4), especially when playing or engaged in outdoor physical activity. As such, thermal comfort and sensation in young ones is an area ripe for exploration, and one which should be revisited to determine whether there are meaningful differences between ages, maturity, training status, or other factors.
Modeling of heat transfer and thermal regulation for an electric heating glove against a cold environment
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2023
Na Xu, Guangju Liu, Yun Su, Miao Tian, Jun Li
At present, people still need to work in an ultra-low temperature environment in some places. Studies have shown that the low blood perfusion rate and little metabolic heat production of the four limbs cause low skin temperature in a cold environment. If there is no proper protection, the workers may suffer freezing and frostbite, which can even pose a threat to their life. Besides, dexterity of fingers will be affected if the skin temperature is too low. A small loss of finger dexterity is found at hand and finger temperatures of 20 °C, while finger dexterity decreases sharply at a hand skin temperature of 15 °C and below [1]. Elnäs and Holmer [2] and Geng et al. [3] stated that hand dressing was an important factor in ensuring thermal comfort of the hand. Deng et al. [4] reported that local heating applied to the hands or feet could effectively improve the thermal comfort of humans during cold exposure. Thus, putting on gloves is a simple way to protect hands from heat loss. However, consideration of the thermal efficiency in terms of the risk of discomfort is necessary. Providing suitable protection for the hands without decreasing manual performance while gripping and handling is a key issue. Therefore, there is a limit to the thickness of the glove.
Hypoalgesia and parasympathetic effects of millimeter waves on experimentally induced pain in healthy volunteers
Published in Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 2023
Laure Minier, Jean-Claude Debouzy, Michaël Foerster, Virginie Pierre, Caroline Maindet, David Crouzier
The aim of this study was to assess the hypoalgesic effects of a MMW system applied on the palmar side of the wrist of healthy volunteers. Each participant underwent 4 MMW exposure conditions: sham, 30 minutes, 1h and 1h30 before being tested in the CPT. Results showed that pain threshold values relative to the sham condition were significantly increased for the 30-minute exposure condition (+52%) and increased in the 1h-exposure condition (+51%), though that latter comparison did not reach statistical significance (Figure 3). No significant effects could be found for any of the durations for the pain tolerance values when compared to the sham condition. These effects were observed in the absence of cutaneous reactions or significant rise of the skin temperature, which demonstrates the innocuity of the system under the conditions of this study (exposure power density of 17 mW/cm2 over 5.8cm2 of skin for up to 1h30).