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Testosterone
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Testosterone is a steroid hormone that stimulates development of male secondary sexual characteristics. Testosterone is a male sex hormone, but females also produce small amounts of it. It is produced mainly in the testes, but also in ovaries and the adrenal cortex.1 Falling testosterone levels are a normal part of aging in males, but certain medical conditions can hasten the decline. Unfortunately, testosterone can fuel the growth of prostate cancer so supplements should not be taken in certain medical situations without consulting a physician.2 For females, high testosterone levels can lead to symptoms of such as acne, deep voice, excess hair on the face and body, thinning hair, irregular periods, etc.
Growth Assessment
Published in Praveen S. Goday, Cassandra L. S. Walia, Pediatric Nutrition for Dietitians, 2022
Julia Driggers, Kanak Verma, Vi Goh
Puberty refers to the physical changes that occur during adolescence, including growth in stature and development of secondary sexual characteristics. The latter occurs in a series of events that also follows a predictable pattern, with some individual variation in sequence and timing of onset (between 8 and 13 years in girls and 9.5 and 14 years in boys). Sexual maturation can happen gradually or with several changes at once. Tanner staging is a sexual maturity rating system used to define physical measures of sexual development, including breast changes in females, genital changes in males, and pubic hair changes in both females and males. Tanner staging is commonly used to define the pre- or peri-pubertal stage of a child at a single point in time (Appendix B). In boys, the first change is testicular development followed by penile growth and pubic hair development. In girls, the first change is breast development followed by the appearance of pubic hair which is then followed by menarche.
Practice exam I: Answers
Published in Euan Kevelighan, Jeremy Gasson, Makiya Ashraf, Get Through MRCOG Part 2: Short Answer Questions, 2020
Euan Kevelighan, Jeremy Gasson, Makiya Ashraf
The secondary sexual characteristics in a woman are breast development, growth of body hair, including pubic hair, and uterine and vaginal growth (3). There is a widening of the hips and a change in fat distribution, with deposition taking place around the buttocks, thighs and hips (2).
The vagina as source and target of androgens: implications for treatment of GSM/VVA, including DHEA
Published in Climacteric, 2023
S. Cipriani, E. Maseroli, S. A. Ravelli, L. Vignozzi
Relating androgens to physiological or pathological processes is challenging, primarily due to our lack of knowledge of steroid metabolism and inefficiencies in accurately measuring testosterone levels with the commonly used methods [11]. Nevertheless, androgens have been implicated in several major aspects of women’s health: the development of sex organs and secondary sexual characteristics, such as pubic and underarm hair, and breast development; reproductive function, since they contribute to regulate folliculogenesis; sexuality and sexual function, including desire, arousal, lubrication and orgasm; mood, energy levels and sense of well-being; and bone density and composition [11]. Among these areas, the strongest evidence stems from preclinical and clinical research on sexual function.
Moyamoya syndrome in a male pseudohermaphrodite patient with congenital adrenal hyperplasia – a rare association. Case report and review of literature
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2023
Remesh Chirayil Vasudevan, Reshma Vachali Madayi, Rohit Ravindranath Nambiar
A 42-year-old patient presented with an intraventricular bleed. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) of cerebral vessels was suggestive of moyamoya vasculopathy (Figure 1). He was hypertensive, tall and had primary amenorrhea. Secondary sexual characteristics were poorly developed and he had ambiguous genitalia. Breast development was Tanner stage 3. There was rudimentary vagina. Nobody else in the patient’s family had moyamoya disease/syndrome or endocrinological problems. Investigation revealed persistent hypokalemia. Considering primary amenorrhea, persistent hypokalemia, hypertension and ambiguous genitalia, CAH was thought of as a possibility. Hormone profile was also suggestive of CAH. Karyotyping revealed a 46XY pattern. Abdominal ultrasound revealed hyperplasia of the adrenal glands (Figure 2), absent uterus and ovaries and ectopic testicles in inguinal canals (Figure 3). He was put on steroids and underwent orchidectomy to prevent possible development of malignancy. The patient’s blood pressure is now under control and he has had no new neurological event for the last 5 years.
Home-Based Sexuality Education in Ghana: The Perspectives of Adolescents and Parents
Published in International Journal of Sexual Health, 2022
Jessica Osei Owusu, Joana Salifu Yendork, Joseph Osafo
Adolescence is a stage of development that comes with sexual discovery, exploration, and risk-taking behaviors (Chambers et al., 2016). Most adolescents during this stage go through a series of changes and transition from childhood life to adulthood life (Backes & Bonnie, 2019). Most adolescents experience growth in height and overall body changes such as the growth of pubic hair, development of breasts among girls, and development of muscles and deep voice among boys (Sawyer et al., 2012). Biological changes in male and female sexual characteristics come along with various problems (Kar et al., 2015). They are sometimes confused about the new transitions going on in their life. This confused state could serve as a driving force to propel them to fetch for various information to understand their current development (Azh et al., 2017). In their quest to understand their transition period, some of these youths are sometimes misinformed, thereby raising their concerns about the possibility of contracting various forms of diseases. Others also see this transition as an opportunity to explore by engaging in varying kinds of sexual activities and illicit drugs (WHO, 2020).