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Sexing the Chinese medical body
Published in Vivienne Lo, Michael Stanley-Baker, Dolly Yang, Routledge Handbook of Chinese Medicine, 2022
But what does it mean to adopt gender as a ‘category of analysis’ in the historical investigation of Chinese medicine? In light of the feminist disruption of the taken-for-grantedness of sexual dimorphism, Scott revisited her argument of gender as a ‘useful category of analysis’ in a more recent article, ‘Gender: Still a Useful Category of Analysis?’ (Scott 2010). Here, she points out that the potential efficacy of taking a gender perspective still pertains only if the focus shifts to ‘the construction of sexual difference itself’ rather than ‘the roles assigned to women and men’ (Ibid.: 10). My intention then is to identify what a gender approach, as advocated by Scott, has contributed, and might further contribute, to the field of Chinese medicine. In this introduction to the subject, I will restrict my focus to studies exploring the ways in which sexed bodies have been brought into coherence and crisis within the context of Chinese medicine from the early imperial period to the Qing dynasty (1644–1912). I suggest that opening up the sexed binary for interrogation might represent a desirable direction in which historical research on Chinese medicine and the body could be usefully pursued.
Adapting Injection Techniques to Different Genders
Published in Yates Yen-Yu Chao, Sebastian Cotofana, Anand V Chytra, Nicholas Moellhoff, Zeenit Sheikh, Adapting Dermal Fillers in Clinical Practice, 2022
The preference and the presentation of male sexual dimorphism are broad in spectrum and more variable than in women. Injection for building up these shapes and protrusions should be well communicated and discussed between the injectors and patients. Although mandibular angle is one of the male facial traits and angular face creation is popular in the West, it is not well embraced by East Asian males because of the trade-off between angular enhancement and facial widening. For millennial and East Asian males, the targeting age for an ideal male shape could be set a little younger (Figure 9.7a and b). It is always an art to balance between masculine roughness and juvenile fullness, especially for men.
Summary and Development of a New Approach to Senescence
Published in Nate F. Cardarelli, The Thymus in Health and Senescence, 2019
The life-span of any given turtle species is not well known, though the literature is replete with examples of those that have reached 50 years and older. Unfortunately, few reports are well documented or trustworthy. Reference is made to those generally deemed superior.31–36 Edney and Allen report on a 64+-year-old box turtle.33 Maximum longevity in the wild state is much less.45 Growth in many species is very rapid when young,32,37–42 as in the instance of the Galapagos tortoise gaining some 320 lb during 7 years in captivity.32 Breeding age varies from 5 to about 20 years depending upon species and size.39,41–43 Continual somatic growth can be 40 years or more even in the smaller species.40 In some species males reach sexual maturity 5 or more years earlier than the female.35 In such species sexual dimorphism is featured. Graptemys pulchra Baur (Alabama map turtle) males have reproductive capacity at 4 years and females at 14, the latter growing to a body weight approximately double that of the male.35 Gigantic fossil turtles have been discovered with carapace of 12 or more feet in diameter.44
Topography of the pelvic autonomic nerves – an anatomical study to facilitate nerve-preserving total mesorectal excision
Published in Acta Chirurgica Belgica, 2022
Jan Gaessler, Friedrich Anderhuber, Sabine Kuchling, Ulrike Pilsl
The IHP is found at the level of S4 and S5 [26]. Our findings are in accordance with the reports of Bissett et al. [24] and Tamakawa et al. [27] who observed that the plexus is confined to the PPF. The distance from the outer margin of the rectum's muscularis propria to the IHP amounts to roughly 8 mm [28]. Despite this close anatomical relationship, we were able to successfully achieve lateral mobilisation of the mesorectum without inflicting damage on the plexus as the plane between IHP and MRF was composed of loose connective tissue and completely avascular. Lin et al. [10] have observed the same. Bisset et al. [24] described the IHP to centre approximately 5 mm below the level of the acetabulum's superior border. Relating the IHP to a bony landmark 'opens the way for assessment of the spread of rectal cancer in relation to the pelvic plexus using pre-operative cross-sectional imaging' from which valuable information regarding the planning of surgery can be derived [24]. In our study, the midpoint of the IHP was roughly 85 mm distant from the sacral promontory, and 47 mm from the apex of the coccygeal bone. The noted difference between women and men is in our opinion attributable to the sexual dimorphism in the bony pelvis. We do not encourage the use of sacral promontory or coccygeal apex as reference points as it is highly likely that the measurements depend on the respective individual's height.
A cross-sectional study of the relationship between recreational sporting activity and calcaneal bone density in adolescents and young adults
Published in The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 2022
Hansa Patel, Lisa Woods, Paul Teesdale-Spittle, Elaine Dennison
In addition to the differences in relationships seen with physical and sporting activity, we also observed some sex differences. Interestingly, some relationships observed were stronger in men than women, and further work is required to determine whether these are real differences and what the biological explanation may be. Previous studies have suggested that sexual dimorphism may operate in the relationships seen [64,65]. Our finding of stronger relationships in men than women could reflect chance, differing sporting profiles in men and women leading to different relationships seen, or an underlying biological explanation for the sex difference observed. Given the relatively small sample size of men recruited for this study, this is a particularly intriguing question that future studies might address.
Sex differences in the association of measures of sexual maturation to common toxicants: Lead, dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT), dichloro-diphenyl-dichloroethylene (DDE), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
Published in Annals of Human Biology, 2021
Casey N. West, Lawrence M. Schell, Mia V. Gallo
Despite some inconsistency across studies in this review, there are several conclusions that can be drawn. The consistency among results within sex varies by toxicant. Results on BLL are the most consistent, showing delays in sexual maturation in both boys and girls. The directionality of DDE/DDT associations shows sexual dimorphism. The presence of acceleration or delay in PCBs varies both by type of PCB congener and sex. Results for PCBs in particular highlight a continued need to determine congener specific relationships, as a specific group of oestrogenic PCBs is significantly associated with accelerated age at menarche. However, more detailed comparisons of results by individual congener are beyond the scope of this review. The differences in associations of these toxicants (a heavy metal and organochlorines) suggest different modes of action, some shared by males and females and some not. This warrants further research into the causes of sexual dimorphism in relation to toxicant exposure as this could increase our understanding of sex differences in maturation itself.