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Trunk Muscles
Published in Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Rowan Sherwood
Semispinalis cervicis and semispinalis thoracis can vary in the number of origins and insertions (Macalister 1875; Rickenbacher et al. 1985). The attachments of semispinalis cervicis may include the seventh cervical or the seventh or eighth thoracic vertebrae (Rickenbacher et al. 1985). Semispinalis thoracis may also vary in the number of vertebrae that its fibers bridge across (Bakkum and Miller 2016). It may be difficult to distinguish the bundles of semispinalis cervicis from those of semispinalis thoracis (Macalister 1875; Rickenbacher et al. 1985).
Trunk
Published in Rui Diogo, Drew M. Noden, Christopher M. Smith, Julia Molnar, Julia C. Boughner, Claudia Barrocas, Joana Bruno, Understanding Human Anatomy and Pathology, 2018
Rui Diogo, Drew M. Noden, Christopher M. Smith, Julia Molnar, Julia C. Boughner, Claudia Barrocas, Joana Bruno
The semispinalis group is divided into the semispinalis capitis (from transverse processes of the upper thoracic vertebrae to occipital bone), semispinalis cervicis (from transverse processes of the upper five or six thoracic vertebrae to spinous processes of C1 to C5) (Plate 3.31a), and semispinalis thoracis (or semispinalis dorsi; from transverse processes of T6 to T10, to spinous processes of C6 and C7). The semispinalis capitis extends the head and is easily distinguished from the splenius capitis because its fibers course vertically and parallel to the long axis of the neck (not obliquely), and because the greater occipital nerve passes through the semispinalis capitis.
Head
Published in Harold Ellis, Adrian Kendal Dixon, Bari M. Logan, David J. Bowden, Human Sectional Anatomy, 2017
Harold Ellis, Adrian Kendal Dixon, Bari M. Logan, David J. Bowden
The prominent deep cervical vein (16) is a useful landmark in separating the deeply placed semispinalis cervicis muscle (18) from the more superficially placed semispinalis capitis (14); this is seen again in Axial section 18.
A two-step procedure for coupling development and usage of a pair of human neck models
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2018
Y. W. Wang, L. Z. Wang, S. Y. Liu, Y. B. Fan
Muscles included in this multi-body model contained six groups of flexor muscles and nine groups of extensor muscles. The six groups of flexor muscles were longus colli, scalenus anterior, longus capitis, scalenus medius, lumped hyoid, and scalenus posterior. The nine groups of extensor muscles were trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, splenius capitis, splenius cervicis, semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis, longissimus capitis, longissimus cervicis and levator scapulae. Muscle bending phenomenon was modeled through attaching slide points to bodies between muscle insertion and origin (van der Horst 2002), which resulted in 56 mid-sagittal symmetrical pairs of muscle elements, as shown in Figure 2. Both passive behaviour and active behaviour of muscles were modeled as Hill-type muscle elements (Panzer 2006).
Distribution of intervertebral compression and shear forces in the cervical spine during isometric tasks
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2019
B. Fréchède, R. Kamalifard, R. Dumas
The recruitment patterns (Figure 1) presented some similarities between studies. The main forces were predicted in the sternocleidomastoid and hyoid muscles in flexion and in the semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis, and levator scapulae muscles in extension. Differences in the magnitudes of the hyoid muscles forces could be explained by different modelling hypotheses regarding these muscles in the three models. Although sometimes not accounted for, these muscles may have a significant contribution in flexion tasks (Lamouri and Fréchède 2013).