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Trunk Muscles
Published in Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Rowan Sherwood
The splenius muscles may be absent (Rickenbacher et al. 1985; Bergman et al. 1988). Other variations include proximal displacement of the origin of the splenius muscles by one or two vertebrae, or asymmetric origins (Rickenbacher et al. 1985; Bergman et al. 1988; Bakkum and Miller 2016). Splenius capitis may be divided into a superior and inferior portion (Macalister 1875; Bergman et al. 1988; Bakkum and Miller 2016). Splenius capitis may be blended with splenius cervicis (Macalister 1875; Rickenbacher et al. 1985; Kamibayashi and Richmond 1998; Bakkum and Miller 2016). Slips can connect the splenius muscles to longissimus capitis, iliocostalis, levator scapulae, serratus anterior, or serratus posterior superior (Wood 1870; Macalister 1875; Rickenbacher et al. 1985; Bergman et al. 1988; Bakkum and Miller 2016).
Masticatory Myofascial Pain: An Explanatory Model of Regional Muscle Pain Syndromes
Published in Robert M. Bennett, The Clinical Neurobiology of Fibromyalgia and Myofascial Pain, 2020
FIGURE 1. Three examples of trigger points [TrP] in masticatory muscles with associated regions of referred pain. Panel A. The TrP syndrome involving the temporalis causes pain in the temple area, frontal area, retro-orbital area, and the anterior teeth of the maxilla. A common symptom associated with this syndrome is sensitivity of the teeth in the affected area. Panel B. The TrP syndrome involving the deep masseter muscle causes pain in the area anterior to the ear, pain that may be interpreted as ear ache, and of the posterior teeth of the maxilla. A common symptom associated with this syndrome is sensitivity of the teeth in the affected area. Panel C. The TrP syndrome involving the splenius capitus muscle causes pain in the frontal, vertex, occipital areas and at the back of the neck. A common syndrome associated with involvement of this muscle is migraine headache.
Nina: The Use of Potent Opioids in a Complex Chronic Pain Patient
Published in Michael S. Margoles, Richard Weiner, Chronic PAIN, 2019
She was seen on 4/12/95 and reported that she was working out with weights progressively. She was noted to be in moderate distress. She was alert and coherent, with no slurred speech, good cognition, no evidence of drug toxicity, and her ability to hear and relate to what I was saying was within normal limits. She noted at that visit that the paraspinal muscle pain on the right side was better and gave no indication of it on the pain chart. On the pain chart, she indicated that her pain was about 70% of the worst it had ever been, the intensity was moderate, and the frequency was constant. She still had difficulties at the base of the neck on both sides. It was felt that the splenius cervicis was a big contributor to the residual pain at the base of the neck. At that visit, I documented that she had lost range of motion with respect to lateral bending and rotation of the neck..
Horizontal Heterophoria Modifications by Means of Thin Proprioceptive Stimulations Applied on the Foot Sole: A Randomised Study
Published in Journal of Motor Behavior, 2022
Furthermore, observing the length of the whiskers of the Box Plot in Figures 7 and 8, a particular dispersion of the data is highlighted. This data could be linked to the extreme variability in reaching the condition of orthophoria, probably in consequence of the particular postural and muscular conditions of each individual participant. In fact, Lennerstrand et al. (1996) demonstrated that the vibratory stimulation of the neck muscles can generate changes in the eye position, and this confirms that the stabilisation of the direction of the gaze occurs thank to the co-processing of the proprioceptive information of the cervical muscles and visual information. More specifically, Han and Lennerstrand (1995) showed that the unilateral stimulation of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and of the splenius induced horizontal movements of the eyes, while the bilateral stimulation of the splenius induced downward movements of the eyes. According to these findings, very different cervical muscle conditions amongst tested subjects can lead to different ocular responses while performing ocular tests, with the consequent increase of the dispersion and of the variability to achieve a condition of orthophoria.
Pain in cervical dystonia: mechanisms, assessment and treatment
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2021
Raymond L. Rosales, Lorraine Cuffe, Benjamin Regnault, Richard M. Trosch
Selective peripheral denervation remains a surgical option in the treatment of CD for treatment-refractory patients and is generally effective against pain in these hard-to-treat patients [90–92]. However, while the majority of patients experience a significant relief of symptoms, there is a substantial risk of reinnervation (particularly in the splenius) and/or change in the pattern of the CD, which may impact on pain relief. DBS of the internal pallidum or the subthalamic nucleus is another option for severe and drug‐refractory CD, and pain scores have been reported to improve by up to 92% [93–95]. However, a number of sham-controlled DBS studies showed no impact on pain and quality of life [96]. As noted earlier, pain improvement following DBS can be temporally dissociated from motor and postural improvement, supporting the idea that pain relief is not always secondary to the improvement of motor postures.
Neck associated factors related to migraine in adolescents with painful temporomandibular disorders
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2021
All participants were diagnosed based on the RDC/TMD Axis I criteria, and adolescents who were diagnosed as group I MFP and/or group IIIa arthralgia were included. The following outcome parameters were assessed by one TMD and orofacial pain specialist (JHK) who was expert on TMD diagnosis based on RDC/TMD: the range of comfortable mouth opening (CMO) without pain, maximum mouth opening (MMO), and the duration of painful TMD symptoms. A visual analogue scale (VAS) at the time of evaluation was applied to assess the degree of painful TMD. Myofascial TrPs were explored in the temporalis, masseter, trapezius, SCM, sub-occipitalis, and splenius capitis muscles in both right and left sides. A single observer (JHK) repeated evaluation of TrPs in masticatory and cervical muscles after 2 weeks (intra-examiner) in randomly selected 20 adolescents and data were compared using an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The resulting ICC was 0.653, suggesting moderate agreement [35]. TrPs in masticatory and cervical muscles in all participants were assessed according to the criteria suggested by Simon et al. [36]: detection of a palpable taut band which showed a hypersensitive spot, local twitch response, and reproduction of the referred pain. TrPs were regarded active if referred pain was reproduced and was perceived by patients as familiar pain. TrPs were considered latent if the referred pain was not reproduced from the palpation. The examiner tried to palpate target muscle by 2 lb digital pressure of which pressure was suggested in RDC/TMD criteria [33].