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Head and Neck Muscles
Published in Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Warrenkevin Henderson, Hannah Jacobson, Noelle Purcell, Kylar Wiltz
The myodural communication between rectus capitis posterior major and the dura mater may monitor dural tension or be involved in some cervicogenic pathologies (Scali et al. 2011, 2013). A doubled rectus capitis posterior major may strain the spine of the second cervical vertebra or contribute to cervicogenic headaches (Nayak et al. 2011). Accessory muscles like the one described by Loukas and Tubbs (2007) may compress the vertebral artery.
Obstruction of the Respiratory Orifices, Larynx, Trachea and Bronchia
Published in Burkhard Madea, Asphyxiation, Suffocation,and Neck Pressure Deaths, 2020
This type of injury is only observed in exceptional cases of suicide hangings. As a general rule, fractures of the first to third cervical vertebrae only occur after a fall or jump from a certain height with the noose around the neck [21,54]. Details on the special form of hangman's fracture can be found elsewhere (see Section 2, ‘Hangman’s fracture’). The anatomical conditions are such that fractures of the second cervical vertebra are not easy to diagnose during autopsy. A computed tomography (CT) scan carried out prior to the autopsy facilitates the diagnostic investigation.
Developmental and Acquired Disorders of The Spine
Published in Milosh Perovitch, Radiological Evaluation of the Spinal Cord, 2019
Rheumatoid arthritis affects the spinal cord and its nerve roots by causing a dislocation of the bony spine in the cervical area. Most commonly, the dislocation occurs between the first and second cervical vertebrae, known as atlanto-axial dislocation. Another type of dislocation connected to this condition occurs below the second cervical vertebra, distinguished as subaxial dislocation.8
Spindle cell oncocytoma of the neurohypophysis with metastasis to the sphenoparietal sinus and immunohistochemical negativity for S100 and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA)
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2023
Hanno M. Witte, Armin Riecke, Wolfgang Saeger, Carsten Hackenbroch, René Mathieu, Uwe Max Mauer, Chris Schulz
One year later, the patient developed complete oculomotor nerve palsy associated with the absence of the response of the right pupil to light and sixth nerve palsy on the left side. Contrast-enhanced MRI scans revealed a residual tumor in the region of the skull base which again showed marked progression and required repeat surgery. Transsphenoidal resection of the tumor was performed again two years after the initial presentation. By then, the SCO extended to the optic nerve on the right side and had led to a displacement of the pituitary stalk to the left with infiltration of both cavernous sinuses. In addition, MRI demonstrated tumor spread along the right sphenoparietal sinus. On the basis of this finding, the SCO was suspected to have metastasized, most likely via the hematogenous route (Figure 3). As a secondary finding, MRI showed areas of contrast enhancement in the region of the second cervical vertebra, which too were suspected to be metastases from the spindle cell oncocytoma of the hypophysis (Figure 4).
The impact of mental toughness and postural abnormalities on dysfunctional breathing in athletes
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2022
Justin Greiwe, Jae Gruenke, Joanna S. Zeiger
Cervical flexion between the occiput and the second cervical vertebra has been shown to significantly narrow the airway (46). Forward inclination of the cervical spine has been shown to increase the pharyngeal airway space as well (47). Thus, the trunk and head posture that help an athlete reduce drag simultaneously assist in increasing ventilation. The relationship between a forward-leaning trunk and atlanto-occipital (AO) extension is reciprocal. When the spine is tilted forward, AO extension keeps the head upright, orienting the eyes and face horizontally rather than downward. This allows athletes to see where they are going and to look around–critical when moving fast and/or navigating the field of play. Therefore, if an athlete is unable to coordinate this extension, they will be forced to hold their trunk fully upright to maintain an upright head and open field of vision. Consequently, they will experience increased air resistance and thus oxygen demand while simultaneously reducing airflow. Furthermore, the increased air resistance of the skull itself in fully upright running has the potential to recruit the sternocleidomastoid, which acts not only to flex the neck but also to elevate the sternum and clavicles, encouraging thoracic dominant breathing which can lead to hyperventilation and/or EILO (35).
Posterior Fossa Decompression and superficial durotomy rather than complete durotomy and duraplasty in the management of Chiari 1
Published in Neurological Research, 2021
Adem Aslan, Usame Rakip, Mehmet Gazi Boyacı, Serhat Yildizhan, Serhat Kormaz, Emre Atay, Necmettin Coban
The patient was positioned on the operating table in the prone position with the help of a nail head. Then, routine perioperative preparations were made and the bone structures between the inion and the second cervical vertebra (C2) were opened. In the preoperative stage, the planum nuchale was measured with the help of CT. It turned towards the cerebellum and compressed it at a sharp angle under the occipital bone, especially the linea nuchae inferior. Decompression was performed accordingly under a microscope. Then, laminectomy was performed on the first cervical vertebra (C1). Ligaments and other structures attached to the dura mater were removed. Later, a vertical incision was made only in the periosteal layer without a full incision of the dura mater, and thus the dura mater was seen to stretch. Then, each layer was closed following the anatomical structure (Figure 2, Video 1). Although this value varies from patient to patient, it is generally between 2 and 3 cm in both vertical and horizontal planes.