China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
The immune and lymphatic systems, infection and sepsis
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
Michelle Treacy, Caroline Smales, Helen Dutton
The right lymphatic duct drains the right upper arm, the right side of the head, thorax, subclavian and jugular regions and opens into the right subclavian vein. The larger thoracic duct drains into the left subclavian vein. Over two-thirds of lymph from the body drains into this duct via the right lymphatic duct.
Lymphatic disorders
Published in Professor Sir Norman Williams, Professor P. Ronan O’Connell, Professor Andrew W. McCaskie, Bailey & Love's Short Practice of Surgery, 2018
Professor Sir Norman Williams, Professor P. Ronan O’Connell, Professor Andrew W. McCaskie
In the human embryo lymph sacs develop at 6-7 weeks’ gestation as four cystic spaces, one on either side of the neck and one in each groin. These cisterns enlarge and develop communications that permit lymph from the lower limbs and abdomen to drain via the cisterna chyli into the thoracic duct, which in turn drains into the left internal jugular vein at its confluence with the left subclavian vein. Lymph from the head and right arm drains via a separate lymphatic trunk, the right lymphatic duct, into the right internal jugular vein. Lymphatics accompany veins everywhere except in the cortical bony skeleton and central nervous system, although the brain and retina possess cerebrospinal fluid and aqueous humour, respectively.
Anatomy of veins and lymphatics
Published in Ken Myers, Paul Hannah, Marcus Cremonese, Lourens Bester, Phil Bekhor, Attilio Cavezzi, Marianne de Maeseneer, Greg Goodman, David Jenkins, Herman Lee, Adrian Lim, David Mitchell, Nick Morrison, Andrew Nicolaides, Hugo Partsch, Tony Penington, Neil Piller, Stefania Roberts, Greg Seeley, Paul Thibault, Steve Yelland, Manual of Venous and Lymphatic Diseases, 2017
Ken Myers, Paul Hannah, Marcus Cremonese, Lourens Bester, Phil Bekhor, Attilio Cavezzi, Marianne de Maeseneer, Greg Goodman, David Jenkins, Herman Lee, Adrian Lim, David Mitchell, Nick Morrison, Andrew Nicolaides, Hugo Partsch, Tony Penington, Neil Piller, Stefania Roberts, Greg Seeley, Paul Thibault, Steve Yelland
The right lymphatic duct receives lymph from the right side of head and neck through the right jugular trunk, right upper extremity through the right subclavian trunk, right side of the thorax, right lung, right side of the heart and part of the convex surface of the liver through a brachio-cephalic trunk.
The health effects of short fiber chrysotile and amphibole asbestos
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2022
On the parietal pleura, lymphatic channels communicate with the pleural space via stomas measuring 2–12 μm in humans that are found predominantly along the mediastinal parietal pleura and intercostal surfaces, particularly in the lower chest. These stomas are the primary pathway for the elimination of fluid and material from the pleural space. The flow through the parietal pleura lymphatic channels is aided by one-way valves that prevent fluid from flowing back into the pleura (Wang 1985; Miura et al. 2000; Bertin and Deslauriers 2011; Negrini and Moriondo 2013, Light and Lee 2016). The pleural liquid is conveyed to the regional lymph nodes, including the intercostal, parasternal, diaphragmatic, and posterior mediastinal lymph nodes (Broaddus et al. 1988; Yalcin et al. 2013). From there, lymph is carried to the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct (Krenke and Mierzejewski 2020).
Role of nanotechnology in the prolonged release of drugs by the subcutaneous route
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2023
Among several physicochemical properties of drugs influencing pathways after their dispersal, molecular weight plays a major role, as shown in Figure 1. The contribution of diffusion and convection to drug absorption is a function of the size, charge, and shape of the drug in question and not less important the abundancy of glycosaminoglycan in the interstitium [16]. Drugs with molecular weights less than 1 kDa are mainly taken up through blood capillary diffusion, while drugs greater than 16 kDa are primarily taken up through lymphatic vessels [17]. When drugs are between 1–16 kDa, they can be absorbed in both pathways [4]. Regarding the pharmacokinetics of nanosystems rather than the molecular weight of their polymers, they are mostly evaluated on the basis of their size as an individual entity. Once in the ECM, they might interact with cells, blood capillaries and lymphatic vessels. Recent progress in regard to knowledge of the transport and uptake of nanosystems administered via the SC route has highlighted the relevance of lymphatic drainage. Similar to the blood circulation system, the lymphatic system can perform the transport and exchange of body fluid [18]. Lymphatic capillaries are the gateway to the lymphatic system. They consist of a single layer of lymphatic endothelial cells and are highly permeable to macromolecules and antibodies. Their permeability is explained by the type of cell junctions, which in the presence of a pressure gradient in the interstitial space, opens and there is entry of contents into the lymphatic system. At the injection site, blood capillaries near the arteries regularly extravasate small molecules to the tissue, while blood capillaries near the veins reabsorb them for the most part [16]. Reabsorption occurs at a lower level than filtration because of the higher pressure of arteries. Lymphatic capillaries can absorb the excess fluid that eventually remains in the tissue, thus maintaining fluid balance [19]. Similar to proteins, most monoclonal antibodies have a molecular weight that is too high to be absorbed and extravasated by blood capillaries, so their absorption by lymphatic capillaries along with excess fluid is likely to occur. This absorbed fluid is designated lymph, and upon accumulation in collecting lymphatic vessels, it returns to the systemic circulation [20]. The collecting lymphatic vessels transport the lymph to the lymph nodes (afferent vessels) and from the lymph nodes to the lymph ducts and drain into the systemic circulation (efferent vessels). The afferent and efferent vessels differ in their content, since the former predominantly contain lymphocytes and antigen-presenting dendritic cells, and the latter abundantly contain CD4+ T cells and B cells. Unlike lymphatic capillaries, collecting vessels have stronger cell junctions and consequently less permeability. They are also covered by a basement membrane and perivascular cells to decrease the likelihood of lymph leakage. Once in the lymphatic ducts (right lymphatic duct or thoracic duct), the contents are drained into the systemic circulation. The physiology of lymphatic vessels and mechanisms used in the transport of particulate materials from peripheral tissues to lymph nodes can be found in the literature [21].